- 註冊時間
- 2023-5-6
- 精華
- 在線時間
- 小時
- 米币
-
- 最後登錄
- 1970-1-1
|
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02
|
顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
! U! K! a% d m! e3 A1 y! G4 vBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
) ?$ m$ r0 o; }, b' c/ \- g: xExposure to Testosterone
# r! c9 Y1 |( a+ JSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
8 Q; I. Z0 N4 v& k1 e2 pand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
5 X. Y4 g1 D/ V$ R; [* TClinical Pediatrics2 T' ?% L" @+ `; o1 u
Volume 46 Number 69 x0 w( U* i. X8 {1 T" [& g" l
July 2007 540-5430 d: h& X5 | @( G; |7 B; q/ }9 B
© 2007 Sage Publications
+ O5 T" l. f0 o% Z10.1177/0009922806296651- c, j9 p& |& T, v0 c* } W9 |0 Q
http://clp.sagepub.com
2 G3 Q. G2 C, @hosted at5 B$ H% E7 o* r
http://online.sagepub.com
S: L: A# i. o B: Q& B) W0 sPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,# B8 |# x9 g/ ]3 [, u' I( {
is a significant concern for physicians. Central( L0 o8 }; R: m* I
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
8 p1 g1 S: C7 h4 y6 Z. nthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
# p. m" R9 f8 j- o- Va higher incidence of organic central nervous system
- u: R) i5 H) ?5 T! E/ U6 y7 plesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested L- G% t3 ~9 F
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
- X N: S* K' k/ ]2 E- L: ~hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-0 ?# ?7 u. a5 v. ~4 ]
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
/ T7 x. E3 e+ M9 Treport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
6 Y7 m0 H% a9 t& S5 Z# }enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
% w! p# i+ o; J ^ z# iment without testicular enlargement, which was due0 ?9 V0 Q% r3 u+ v& o
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by* |0 t: _; Q" |3 i3 L
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
! J# d- T5 V4 x* n8 ?: u; umation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
$ j, n% N/ K6 ?6 X0 z0 xchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
& v& q q$ j1 q( @testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-' H I% b5 ^5 U5 n u% e
bly more common than the rare case report in the; T6 H/ L% {! n. X. o, w! W6 B1 w
literature.4
2 k5 z1 S7 i# U2 r5 z+ I" z' mPatient Report
, n! c' \/ A% }A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
) p& U. F. d s ^* A. E1 oendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
* `* A, Q' F/ O3 h5 Aof early sexual development. His mother noticed
& `% D C, z2 Ulight colored pubic hair development when he was4 z0 F4 X* j: P: h$ H: \. `4 o3 J
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of' M- a* N* G& @, I# \* y
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama./ p9 b0 A: M5 v' G3 P. V
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
L/ I/ H x3 {( N IProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
7 @9 {& S% _+ i7 zMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;' ~* d: v- u% x4 I3 _: E; u0 U
e-mail: [email protected].! Z% ]2 l$ l$ r
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became. u9 c4 t7 G, s- T1 _7 v
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) E6 m9 Z7 Y; q+ D* x# Z1 l
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
' i$ L: u# A" |9 ~& d5 k2 s; Bwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with, y9 q8 }! ^, B5 R) @
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of2 G- l# M" P, B% E. f( j+ n, `% a
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
1 k% y) G/ T' ~ f1 {of life and was still receiving breast milk along with& b8 _ y4 D( \; b
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,* j# g2 s# F' \7 ~: t1 R* ?5 W
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
% b& h; A' j1 h! s1 K0 ^9 \5 y- |was age appropriate.
8 S- D7 {& Z# @4 c" V& FThe family history was remarkable for the father,' A" T" k9 L5 T: K$ O, ]# ]
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
, P2 `) M, m$ ~; owhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
9 }( s( R1 V8 g, Z& w+ f% Uheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat9 J g' j/ K2 k
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.3 H3 a- m6 X0 B; n9 `2 ~
The father denied taking any other medication. The
6 D$ N* g" n$ N/ Qchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
) r" b- q5 d/ ]was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet! F- R/ t1 h& B2 v
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
3 `$ f* G1 k/ ococious sexual development in the first-degree rela-7 A& N! g6 d8 W- v8 G
tives. There were no siblings.
/ Z/ Z- @; b1 K3 O4 y( DPhysical Examination
5 m" W- a9 I2 ^7 f j0 ^The physical examination revealed a very active,* A( L; d" S0 v9 n
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented V" I3 s( b. O% B7 o. F
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was8 v3 I8 D. M3 v0 r# O F( N
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
1 X# R/ o1 L/ H9 D, i( {. ^- V(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth& L# C+ K, W9 D1 D
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
- @7 c9 Y- M2 u7 l) Z) q8 t2 ithe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% \' g5 D, T/ f' @/ w6 E7 L
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for% f# I& _! l5 K+ n: W: v
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
% Z0 y% _# l* H9 x8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well% ]- {" @+ u$ Z9 K" G6 }2 ?2 q. ^9 n( y
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
8 |, i: z; J+ C$ P, R: }9 r1 ^$ @540 F2 m2 C# k" `8 H% ?
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# F* ?, J. x5 t; j
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The* `# B( _0 i, a- y+ a8 z
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.5 U; B! W, G* N) O
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat+ b" K: x; ?' O3 t; t
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
$ q1 W/ y: J* Mabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
8 l5 r9 _( Z7 G# W j5 DNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+8 ~ f3 f5 J0 t- |" M3 |
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion5 y% n; {( r/ L R- P* R) m
of papilledema.
3 \& L! F& L) D* O7 ~9 ILaboratory Evaluation: A( I/ {* R/ N
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
. t9 `. E |' n# j. E8 ousing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
% Y* m! v) P _4 Plogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
9 d/ e5 Q$ F2 X/ Fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test$ }0 s) a( g9 [& M6 |0 H4 r8 `
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
# @0 W& a. b* F8 |lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)." Z- r6 o8 u" { v2 Z6 @
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood) c( E/ D3 @. y. Z7 L
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were. t$ m9 Y) M2 F& R! H7 J
within normal range for his age. The concentration6 Y: u9 s! t$ g! x6 c' a/ T
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
1 }0 l9 X" }/ h( H, q% W(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
5 e: _. O% x% {ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
# t! q0 f6 L/ n6 d8 k, t: s8 Tterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),/ e! J; e: K G& K+ k- S
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to8 A+ C9 z* |0 R
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
- k2 m* B' x. ^( Z1 \2 Uwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
+ ^1 @( m# s0 F1 X% ftisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
& o. o7 O, j5 }* Ftestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),: H- n5 {5 ?# D
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
; c4 L: `4 d! _( a+ I5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular* M7 L7 e, ?' E4 x2 Q
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
- F6 m) p% U& L3 N) \concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL, O% }8 y: l( z! _2 `) b. Z
(prepubertal).
L0 b" c/ }; ^: EThe parents were notified about the laboratory& s% h4 p3 O$ J/ S8 M3 `6 H+ K3 {
results and were informed that all of the tests were
, V% R7 J$ ^ d& a8 i3 K( Snormal except the testosterone level was high. The8 o9 X8 z* ?1 {: f' b) o( S
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
% o( C% ]. g9 @obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-' a& \' F! w- W7 L5 v. l" n
ever, the family did not return for 4 months./ o' S5 T! D" B7 j
Physical examination at this time revealed that the4 ^1 z7 k. y5 [- p
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
4 R$ ~' T" w2 D0 F% V2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
4 f" o8 r4 C- {( N+ Nunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-8 _7 ^- I* A0 F5 H- y- ]3 |
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
: a8 p6 u m2 I8 H1 S! L Kthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2* W# y+ P: O+ ^& q
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
B T% A- [$ Q6 qThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-( M0 g: [" A( I% a- ^
ing frequent erections.: Z% ?! a6 @- C& F
Both parents were again questioned about use of
1 u/ U7 X1 ?, {4 f4 Yany ointment/creams that they may have applied to# a* g! s; O: |$ _4 o' w8 D( [3 \
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
& {# f- D5 h+ w1 O8 K1 t1 FTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541- E3 J( _" u6 @. v0 ]; b
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
$ F# M# A5 d# k. P) ming over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
: U2 Q8 d8 `2 _3 `+ x9 Sa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed* e6 T$ L" G7 n8 U1 g1 i
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-0 V2 e9 W4 D* V5 u! Z* ~5 _* z
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
# X, U* _6 A7 I7 q1 ` C" Z5 Hsecondary to depression.
0 }. `6 R- p5 w5 sThe child slept in the same bed with parents.& S/ ], a7 w# L; C
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
; g3 k# j9 ]! a# Q$ [$ echest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-" x# b: f* o- h
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.. V& Y7 Y& O! p" z7 F$ T8 G! r
The father also admitted that after the phone call,# _& D; {* d4 K- Z5 ~$ o& \! X
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby U8 ?2 C! K( s- M' w+ r
was high, he then read the product information
/ I8 i* d( Z ipacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-+ T1 ]# t. g, O- \- w8 M4 W
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
, }' m8 B9 m3 o1 Bdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the0 E) ?0 w+ O, [3 I3 f1 s
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had1 }$ I4 g; R9 D, @7 C
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
) k' Q* ] {+ a+ b3 Htest was ordered, but the family did not go to the2 E+ S, [2 ?6 S& ]
laboratory to obtain the test.
: P& T" w9 S* P& iDiscussion
* y0 K: V% N9 gPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
1 R! Q3 [3 {# |% c4 h6 `sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
3 R: O& K, m$ O: g- Z2 B+ i3 ZPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
: X- f6 r4 A7 {1 ?it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-# b3 Q; T) w% e4 L) _
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
$ O& D, q0 ~' s* zmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP+ _& _& |! Z6 C8 m$ i' s" `
may have a central nervous system lesion that is) j. R$ a2 S7 n" N
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
/ ]$ t/ Y. \7 Z, Gamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
- m5 |4 e) N+ W# `sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in7 N2 i1 w) t N6 ~/ n' N
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
+ w' r1 O8 s& r* l: H5 Kization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-- a! W3 N9 |) d0 s9 z
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by1 G$ P& D' ?5 p) T. P( |5 G
gonadotropins.1,3
& g1 ~% S" C8 T/ l' R" ^5 HGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-+ M! I e9 \2 O9 C- ^
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate. V7 T. d# y( Y4 C
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
# o6 h$ q! ?; }) fexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
5 l/ d8 j& l6 G2 Sulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
8 c. l1 _. y' c+ i, ]congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
* K& t L7 L& D1 _7 ~0 s' a9 B4 zadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
2 w- s; c' N' k9 A1 B- Spuberty in boys.3,4
. x6 d# a- _# {) C) [The most common form of congenital adrenal# E/ X, c3 i. ], {4 m/ w+ e2 {5 d
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.6 v0 p: p# O" d7 b3 U _/ H
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in7 r9 W4 }- {/ a, q1 W8 O7 a
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,# V2 S& n9 o4 L2 [' h
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen. u( p8 q& e& s- [
excess.1,3
/ z, d" E* ]' h' F- L5 D) pat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 J+ W, e0 w9 N" J! H
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
2 w, r1 `6 A+ P" _& ^7 bA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
- M8 [8 H4 v0 G l& Q% windependent precocious puberty, which is also known
: j! g/ A* y8 _: O/ @as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a! ?$ Y: {7 F3 w
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
9 V; k' l' t6 E6 L. @with this disorder are full pubertal development," }9 W( P! c3 h+ q7 A! h3 m
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- Z" R! a1 I; uwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder' u! R0 z. J( ]: o' `
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show/ ~" k @1 ]: A" I9 A
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-) B) U: t! B- y5 d- H2 i& y5 z; g; d
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked G4 T1 r) n# V* o# T+ f; n
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only& B& E) S$ I' @, r7 v- p
males; therefore, other male members of the family4 ]6 p! k8 C1 z# d& P0 M* ?
may have similar precocious puberty.3
' u* p. h9 \( q5 t6 Z ?. DIn our patient, physical examination was incon-: r: ~: r+ B- C3 J1 ?/ M9 O, s
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
$ g; a! @- |' Dcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis8 Q! c- Q2 n, @2 N+ d
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
6 m5 O: \ N4 {, p) u" d4 nstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
- ~# i- D6 I% K! n5 E% Rtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the& h4 Z+ `+ E( r" |* t( k
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-, Q: _1 Z# P9 x( s1 `* f, n
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 d, X4 N, u! O
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,# ?0 ]) E; A- i
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
) t- k+ b& I& B1 w) N$ W5 R7 Pdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
1 s* x& S7 H6 u0 n$ g2 zing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
' S0 d5 T, Y: m% e4 KThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
5 \2 L, k# f4 q/ Esuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
3 N0 \( u0 y8 ~9 o$ |- O' t/ r& R nthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-/ r& A: n, D# {1 a, N
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
2 e% V+ r/ u2 O) t( [decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
' H% G9 t3 t' J' N; Xterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
* E* h- H' g: Q/ M1 ]1 G' K# |using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’5 z1 {: T- J/ f7 s e/ Y
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or' M' T* m- ~# l2 I! X9 m7 `
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to }2 z+ ]) k7 C7 U7 N! O9 Z" v
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.; p/ Q% e. `' [, h) H5 X
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
) C3 U5 r7 T- ^& T+ }baseline value in those females who were exposed to% m8 d) G$ ? N
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male) t$ m- o" n5 g+ a% ?: P4 U
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-: G" Z8 _4 t" t( P
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
7 s, }+ U% |% F( AOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,) O& Z0 t; c( z+ _; f
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that. K- u' g* }0 b; R" M
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
# `: q: w+ g( e- A$ D: Dterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
* a( f& h5 J, O V4 Hactive in young children exposed to testosterone3 O% `1 A5 f! B2 U
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
4 K E' _ z7 C! Jdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to+ a" h+ b5 Z1 S' f& b$ k; E3 x. Y
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
% W/ u; q& G7 n, D# f3 e+ _children results in an increase in growth velocity and
$ o8 A4 R9 v1 x5 m2 I. hadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.) d, c- O- u9 U$ ^
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
" d0 n# k5 j9 `early childhood on pubertal development and final
2 h' ]1 S: Y3 Kadult height are not fully known and always remain
7 A% B$ R* @+ R+ z" K5 ~% o7 Ba concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
m" G }" e6 g) Zterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
, p, r+ [; a. s0 a8 T) F9 U! lacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after& \ B t: t$ @
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
" X2 o U1 a" h/ k$ n2 Edecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 O! b* `6 A, g y, p0 L1 PThere are conflicting reports and controversy
9 Q. ^% D) w9 V3 E! cover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult( G$ x8 k+ v* W4 X
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" \1 M$ G1 i- G; [( Y2 Kadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-; X# ~* l/ S" [! w' E* Y; @
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
. B; b$ D: W2 ^ A$ p. X, V. {7 LSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between, A) U; `9 m9 d. M8 c0 @
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult C% M+ M) X4 v1 Q& P% U5 x
penile length in clinical studies.
' }8 y/ F d6 o: H( CNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is. |* O T. w% {$ \ `4 Q
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
0 F. O4 l9 }: ltestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because5 e/ k3 T; M# o5 B% S0 R O1 ]
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
+ Q- }7 B) g7 V, DAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
- R: ]' c: l( f( Cdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at0 F+ R+ g# r+ c
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
' J' W! {& W/ c' F0 [& T6 A5 e) Zheight will not be affected.! v4 E# M# M5 Y: A3 }1 _$ q
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
% v9 y+ ], r/ P0 U" Dability of androgen products in our society may
) ^3 ~/ r/ w4 m; \0 Dindeed cause more virilization in male or female
* l" ]1 b, Y; uchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-% n0 c- l) @* A7 Y9 \. b) X: K Y
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
. ~9 N7 J. o2 g( W2 b, Ytioning about the use of a testosterone product or
) h6 L/ J, g) {) D, ngel should be asked of the family members during0 v ~$ S( |# D5 l ]: N
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-: [4 l/ P+ P# s' U$ o
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-1 ^! o6 q P' u; b( X6 `+ H5 g2 A, P
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 K- F1 k) S7 G9 f, R9 I
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a! U: {+ b8 Q |1 D$ _6 B
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may! _) _3 y' \/ ~, v+ x6 j# j2 b6 C
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive o( m. B( q4 ^$ f5 J; S/ n6 B1 h
investigation. The primary care physician should be9 j9 ?2 |0 D+ _% @6 i6 x; s0 ]1 [3 H
aware of this fact, because most of these children/ D3 ]7 w, ` s. I3 i
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
0 t/ f4 ?7 w# J3 g O, UDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
$ G9 F# q! ^! h1 s" T0 Z- j. B. dwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or9 L+ o; B# ~! A" p
female child who might come in contact with some-& I D# u9 R0 ? b$ N
one using any of these products.
3 t# Y1 V2 G' |/ L& n3 x( pReferences
) w1 ]) R! _" s: Q7 e1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation$ w3 } |8 z4 S9 o; \
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric8 k. i6 L: \1 o5 Q) K5 @/ D
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
" l* E7 H, d/ l2002: 565-628.6 W+ d0 D4 X$ n
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious4 |+ J3 K! W5 ]9 A P5 Y/ I" G
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
|