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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old6 p, `; U; \2 e' R! T
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical" y3 X) ^+ W+ @  i  {
Exposure to Testosterone: r. ?% f2 U7 v, p7 Y
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
* d1 |& Q! }9 k- Sand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1' D5 ]- h  |4 N9 p: b. ^: g7 d; z
Clinical Pediatrics
3 i5 I6 u5 G, @' q. H5 G) LVolume 46 Number 6
# a1 B7 a! C+ Q! g. XJuly 2007 540-543
7 }1 t- z* l( Y( n" o+ B6 M9 g© 2007 Sage Publications
2 @2 P# o. I) Q10.1177/0009922806296651+ W6 _4 _; Q1 l( O6 X2 _8 W
http://clp.sagepub.com
1 s# o8 |" x( i* a+ p, a& ^; X& [hosted at8 Q5 s( j5 ~, C! w( k- m
http://online.sagepub.com
4 C" [% s/ ]. a- m; q! _- aPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
; o  k( W: O+ Gis a significant concern for physicians. Central* o' B' |( R/ U/ [; H$ p) r9 y
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated( f$ F/ x( S% w* W
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has# l" x* M; l/ g% K
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system* ^9 ~# {7 Q! u9 {% M9 T
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested% I; i. p* f- T; c& N
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic! B" ], z9 h! r' q6 I9 ^8 Y
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-; h1 V, z$ `( b3 w* ^2 F  n
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
1 f0 D( J! b" `; vreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the3 e( V! _4 P6 A
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
* P- P; k$ u7 R6 Q1 tment without testicular enlargement, which was due
' _  Z/ |# n" h% L* Tto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
3 y! E9 g# L" C! n, }" m& sthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
; g( @5 v( M4 F% Tmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this" t& s3 T0 X" ?9 Q- f9 a
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
+ D$ ^% W6 E8 [8 J' }. O1 jtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
0 s; M7 d) x# f/ F) A0 G' p: |" Fbly more common than the rare case report in the; ]/ w, u5 O( y: r* t
literature.4
- n" ~& o% _2 @6 I6 k+ ~" g. r" GPatient Report
6 ~+ E% ~! U: |) U' HA 16-month-old white child was referred to the4 [0 n4 r3 w* N0 g- A5 a
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
2 w' h' g& z6 L. H$ B, j( v7 yof early sexual development. His mother noticed
% `. p8 V4 k0 N( ?1 }- \light colored pubic hair development when he was2 i' K8 F7 ^9 U9 O2 r" y
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of/ K. y% O4 \8 |1 I8 Y
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
; Z2 M' x& x- m# F/ G; G( H3 sAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,' S' p- D4 s: [
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of# {! x( I# n) _9 g; J7 q. T
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;: j0 {7 V/ ^9 j' [* T# ]) e
e-mail: [email protected].
5 e5 {3 y, R, W1 T6 N/ Habout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
% Z$ @! M5 F- Bdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-$ ~; Q2 }8 O% z3 w) i( \/ P; j2 E3 T
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child' q- `4 ?4 M, o# B7 a' Z1 S3 Q
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with# m5 P; C$ P/ G8 w/ R6 K2 ^% S* H
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of, M  C2 p6 g+ P$ Z
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year1 b6 H6 ]0 ]: a/ f, _
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with8 |' ?+ d3 M  w6 L1 Z
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
% r2 ]4 J2 B1 u$ E% c, k* Tand his psychosocial and psychomotor development: Q1 V& T' W) z
was age appropriate.
8 d# L2 Y( p2 pThe family history was remarkable for the father,$ ^, B1 E3 r( ]# R5 Q
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,' c, W! b1 x3 i
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
- e5 Y. `0 x+ Q; w! k! cheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat! l; P6 {% H' A# z* T" y
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
  u7 W4 U; ]7 n' NThe father denied taking any other medication. The
5 h' C8 L2 C  a* n9 \child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
+ U9 T4 h' @% B" y$ {& r0 k& kwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
# u6 k! r% G# [7 n: {7 I; X5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
0 c- G0 A" Y+ T" F- p: scocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
/ l" q4 ^2 m; m6 ]0 S: K0 Atives. There were no siblings.
# J2 a, B$ w% w. k. O2 }Physical Examination: s# o+ c/ w; O* r" [% \( Z3 J2 @' q
The physical examination revealed a very active,
" A. @+ A8 {0 O, Splayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented' E3 v* h% X/ l) p( E# q4 s
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
; S0 N2 {  e: D90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg3 J) ]/ A  M4 p0 O3 V1 d* y" H
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth" d' F/ Z. Q2 j( x
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
- r6 ?% V3 z/ p. {the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.# h3 L5 X1 j) U1 L3 \" b
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for, D( ~7 K/ G0 g7 v4 L' F
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of% \% _. f. Y! T+ S
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
$ {% l$ t, k5 D* x* s6 t: P4 Cdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
% S( V: E1 n% G$ _* W& W- t* [5400 d+ c' o  l( B% @" w( a0 A
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 F; G8 p+ n' lthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
9 y+ `' Z: w/ W& z' E- N6 y; W. @! htesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each., n5 k; H& f- ~  s; a
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
9 m! z0 T) g1 X& h/ L) i' Foily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no! M3 W/ }  Y9 |& g- U1 s6 K. ?
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
- U' X4 I; u, z2 E' D2 ?Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+6 r- [9 q  S& X+ w$ M; _
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
( B" e* u3 q& ~7 [! l+ zof papilledema.0 {7 R- [& f6 J/ Z& v$ K
Laboratory Evaluation4 W4 ?5 n, m8 X" A* }
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by8 H1 y, z! o& ^8 K/ h" I
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" V3 W; P/ ?8 k8 m
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
1 B- M8 |  N9 ?- g1 B+ x' Qkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test' V8 A& m  `. ]3 S9 [
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-0 k; m+ H0 N0 E: A8 X
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)./ v2 m! b: Q  x2 s% R; d# H
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood' G. T' I/ \. K4 Z
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were" M  ^$ q4 q6 X  \
within normal range for his age. The concentration9 C! a$ G+ z- i& Y, D
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
* _" g3 C2 P5 b(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20$ C  Z/ z7 M" c5 U5 U
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
4 j" ]. a4 M+ v6 q/ F. X- Cterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),0 X' W/ Z" D1 O2 ~+ c
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
) ?) s* u' ?0 ]8 L9 |% _49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
! \4 K: J0 j3 z0 c3 |) r8 \2 nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
* H& t! ]" u7 U8 ]; Dtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total3 H8 F( `) ?' M# ]. Q; m
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
/ `) H" s8 `/ t0 s' k/ U# V3 Land β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than# V: E/ I$ |' n$ I" U9 @& M
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
, g7 z* |3 ~8 l! T4 Estimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone# m, |# s9 a: f/ I
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL6 N! l: W6 J7 b2 U
(prepubertal).
2 u5 w, ^$ Y- t6 k( M4 A( c7 X! i: N7 rThe parents were notified about the laboratory
# M# R8 E# t; ]% @, {. rresults and were informed that all of the tests were
( Q' s2 k/ a+ B3 @normal except the testosterone level was high. The. p0 H5 W( R8 w! K" K7 B
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
% s. ^3 w. Y* o0 T9 Nobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-5 [6 P5 X' u- d( s1 ]1 f4 ^
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
: r- q- i# T; r8 pPhysical examination at this time revealed that the; E9 n& e( o# N
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
" Y- V: w0 i4 _6 \2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
. O+ E/ G' T. q. Q/ e( Kunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-7 I$ N0 [& W5 V
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
/ S, w% D- f! c) {9 l: G: r9 dthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 25 f' f5 _; N* q' @' o7 L* N  Z4 s
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.$ `8 D. f& z% l! f8 }/ w- v
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-, t  n* ~( w: @- H& e' j% B
ing frequent erections.
8 h: d# k5 D7 F9 Q# x2 i6 XBoth parents were again questioned about use of
( k. Z5 E* `7 `) Hany ointment/creams that they may have applied to& B0 a& i! _5 b* T; q
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
* U5 n9 r; Y, F' O. K& I7 YTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
( F3 J( F2 n- d" g2 fuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
- `7 f0 I7 j. V  {3 E4 Hing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for3 K* T# w3 H5 M  `
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed0 B, L2 c  v- G  h' L% T
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-) M2 z+ i' ?7 Z# b' C
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido- U+ B$ a  O0 c3 J9 B
secondary to depression.
0 _7 S, @7 i9 v4 q$ t! N/ }The child slept in the same bed with parents.
+ p( F- P; Q3 i3 C4 O9 n( TThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
- o1 ?+ Z' m8 G2 W  lchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-5 F9 N8 F- l3 Z/ ^$ z% D: w
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
; F$ x$ x4 i0 U; u7 b" A. hThe father also admitted that after the phone call,& o/ R$ e6 V3 p9 r+ ?% j4 [5 o
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby# i% Z4 t2 N+ w/ z$ \
was high, he then read the product information4 W7 R) X6 j' c  i, \* t. ^
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-$ r' Z4 o/ v9 }
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they) ?, ^( k' ^. ~( {. s. R
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the- o7 u' V8 \' H6 m- I9 I( A
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
% j1 H  V, J9 Vbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
% t! ^5 O6 o2 u! V: K& ctest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
, R: r" ~3 T* P. ?( m* `laboratory to obtain the test.3 ~3 y; Q  N1 c) ~
Discussion& Q( u, E- e1 r2 r4 w0 X/ b! Q7 ~: Y9 U
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
9 O, k" [3 q: q; P: Psexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
* t1 h' \, A' b# E. p2 mPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when+ n6 I9 K; m- M; z) a
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-! g+ ~4 S7 k9 U4 C" ^* r) i4 W
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-- t; q; R8 }! d( ~
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
5 V, j0 ~# H4 ~6 z& }6 Z3 t! a* gmay have a central nervous system lesion that is7 Q  _- ]8 {5 X, a
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-! h% U0 Z2 Z; c6 s; M1 X( c# x
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-' f$ a1 {; o/ }) l; f4 _$ [9 y
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in# m# V' ^* r! @5 [+ K5 V) A0 V, a6 s
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-( r( T) x, W5 {$ ~5 G( I
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
* a8 P( i- e# Prical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
% A) J" f) |' C7 ~  s' Pgonadotropins.1,37 ?  T. T4 X, R& E* l
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-' C$ Y% L: {' t1 W) u
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate, K% |  @9 p* u; L
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or, z# k8 f6 ^- ]9 B# ?* x' E
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-( d9 C& X, \* J# {, T% K
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
. V& ^; N- F' e( G6 ]congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
/ o  q# P- V0 jadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
, I  H9 j6 n5 N! }7 Fpuberty in boys.3,4: g# ?6 @# X$ M( \) u7 d% Y
The most common form of congenital adrenal
& q) i  {. d& [8 d: Ohyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.# t. t: f7 a/ `1 a' O0 G
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in# k$ W4 @4 z+ L3 t4 `
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,' D- F$ l& V, q# R6 F
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
" i- b4 y' ^0 yexcess.1,3
" w- }8 a2 b2 W& Y# s- ]at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from; e" h2 @" H8 L7 i* y5 J/ G% l
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
% O! ^3 }# `  _0 zA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
4 i+ V' c1 W# [4 kindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
4 Q& K+ ?+ G: T; }3 [2 _as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
1 h8 i7 E7 b0 S$ every young age. The physical findings in these boys
/ p! W5 o# `* q% B! N$ H8 W# gwith this disorder are full pubertal development,1 d* A' \9 W8 V7 N3 B
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
: _( P$ x9 a, u( s" R, g2 a% Jwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder: j7 `- x2 S2 S& X2 P* ~/ ~4 l! z
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
& D: M* a+ l2 q  J7 q) ppubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
! a% d" d2 z5 ~2 s, x0 ~5 Kreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
1 H# u2 D  n8 e5 ?4 bautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
% x6 i2 j. r7 S/ smales; therefore, other male members of the family  l: G. W- k( T/ k) v7 O# T
may have similar precocious puberty.3
$ @+ Y& h9 @$ @3 D) E) I# ~( uIn our patient, physical examination was incon-" X# h" j6 w- w% b0 L
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-8 k# E  Z9 e5 k5 q/ r
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
" `( H7 M0 Z7 U6 c- b' B' Z+ Ewas in the differential diagnosis because his father
) R* ?% ^. R) T5 s6 O( I7 G. Xstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,& X2 n* _7 z1 d. B3 U6 e! @  L
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
5 [6 _+ U: U2 g2 i0 V8 dbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
% e$ k' u7 ?2 m9 Y( |ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
5 b" L- N$ a* fbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
6 M. y, R2 J; o% S' e9 _" x5 [either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
7 s* ^: L( w3 {' Cdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-, e9 r' d1 B) j. K1 k
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.7 c  r  r- @2 B& X2 H: b# F
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly: |% e) [* [* z
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
1 q$ y9 S" a3 q' I! ?the physical examination revealed the complete disap-3 Q- l% R6 J" E6 P: c- m( t; _. _
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and8 K; W# u; ~! s/ n8 f( B
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-1 M& V' s' Y  f  V& u/ H0 G% [
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was" {; `2 b3 a' ?; c
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’; z, v9 D3 z& h! y- k: g
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
$ U  g* H9 R, W. E2 R0 ?cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
: z( }' U7 U9 A2 ^$ Bunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
7 q* v, U+ n& J% p0 @, c8 h, A' ^Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
" @# B, i& J5 g6 J6 L% ebaseline value in those females who were exposed to6 d- k, d. P, S7 d' m! ]
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male( l6 G1 G4 |- B& i, A: u$ v! \
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
: O  j/ J, T3 z3 n% |% v& dtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.; u8 Z+ A$ @$ L
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
& S( s1 s; l' }# }2 v9 }which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
  {, u, p% l+ i  t0 jdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
& C9 P+ B% E" W. b. D! `terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more; g, Y+ r5 [$ T! b6 ]
active in young children exposed to testosterone
  u+ @- R1 p5 Bexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
' I3 j' _; b' d3 g0 X- ~. Adrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
* ]9 D0 i( {: y+ o2 [% kvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
; n; l7 R# I! g/ w; Vchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and, U; Q7 j: n% L: s5 g
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
1 }3 P; Q) X* q, e) D! @The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
% k% F& c, D1 [* I2 p% }early childhood on pubertal development and final9 ?7 }" k- T- m0 s! p0 t9 s
adult height are not fully known and always remain3 s5 R# o9 r' g$ I
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-# a% T; i: }/ I8 \) }* v
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some8 {% `  X' d" {5 z* b, b& q
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after4 P) C8 V+ P6 I/ J. ~  y1 N' h' s
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation& X4 V$ P. Q& E
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. K+ H3 q% ?6 Z8 |. ?3 w
There are conflicting reports and controversy
% I. F5 g' t/ V9 v# Dover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult# \7 \+ _2 R1 B8 H* [
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal) A  y! e( i8 a6 z  v3 A* H0 D
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-* S0 F; T0 |7 F& s& V% e$ d
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,* ^6 L/ I1 p/ \3 Q
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between% _  B) b& B3 j: x1 {
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult  u9 h" o; L. r' }
penile length in clinical studies.
3 @) N/ t* v  o1 CNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
5 g% ^$ |* p5 p& i! sgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
# A2 R$ L- n9 q+ h  A8 N3 W7 Ktestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
& c+ x- I. G/ F: w7 Y0 }the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.  Z% J$ r5 `. y8 g
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of9 Q. z3 a% f! k. F$ G  g2 Y
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
1 d- [. M5 i+ q- uthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult% _9 |6 n! F& `" a5 @# }
height will not be affected.
. o' n9 L, h& [, `; N3 k8 wAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
( t5 N  P" }5 a6 l' f$ ~3 gability of androgen products in our society may2 k1 @8 m' C1 `" L  {* q
indeed cause more virilization in male or female& ^* o8 S1 M3 |) Q) w
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
. h- b6 S& U2 L* F1 [# f8 rgen products must be considered and specific ques-
% A# p1 p% n9 U* U, itioning about the use of a testosterone product or
/ u6 t( p  X  B; s' \' O( O5 f  `gel should be asked of the family members during
' G  }  J; B8 {) m5 l. P: Uthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
  N# A& N2 c5 m( Q3 F" ?ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-# n) u4 p- t! S. Y$ Q% b+ X& O
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by( h, H9 _0 B7 A! a7 P9 J3 h
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
, Z7 Z9 H8 [" U$ \/ V2 g/ B5 Thistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may- o- S- \- t" ^! J/ q/ y( A
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
! X0 q$ f  j4 k6 zinvestigation. The primary care physician should be" X8 I( G1 Q8 V! X
aware of this fact, because most of these children, X, a, i; d7 d( k5 U
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
% u9 [* M- E& ~Desk Reference and package insert should also put a' r& O- n2 T! ^2 X6 U
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
8 N2 E( Y, T" d& yfemale child who might come in contact with some-
' ?$ R8 \/ f$ I: u) x' c0 n( rone using any of these products.3 Y0 s1 }0 V9 _; v
References) u& q) A1 l% w. I
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation+ H7 d  l% S. _1 d0 L4 q
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
, `# s2 [# B6 h8 p; e& H0 PEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
* q; A6 M% U/ \; Z5 A5 G2002: 565-628.8 U' w; I! \" U) N! A! a' @6 O
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious3 h8 U! x9 f' x1 _' J
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
3 h, D. r! k) A. |+ E# F) OBoy Induced by Indirect Topical" }7 j2 V3 ]" X8 I
Exposure to Testosterone! }, h) T4 q, ^9 [, g, e, \
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
1 X3 _& _9 A3 s: Sand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD13 V/ I* _/ E- L9 O5 K3 F
Clinical Pediatrics
! ]$ D% V; u$ ^- KVolume 46 Number 6
  m  y: K: E3 O& M  pJuly 2007 540-5439 c: C0 L- |5 M. ?
© 2007 Sage Publications" f" Q4 P, z" b  c" Q' q. ~8 J
10.1177/0009922806296651( {! _- I* P& `7 x/ _5 O0 |
http://clp.sagepub.com
  _$ Z# g  V. Y& B+ T# }hosted at
6 M# ]: N3 H) }2 T, Whttp://online.sagepub.com) X: h0 ~/ d! z/ |2 A8 [: K
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,8 x! ?/ \8 p9 l+ a& h7 b
is a significant concern for physicians. Central/ i& @) ~  T; ^1 S$ E
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated# P( x0 {* a* K. z) ^2 y8 Y
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has/ O8 d" p% r8 H5 L' ~
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
  X- }" G* d( w- g  Q9 f5 \lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
" o( b' d1 A" \+ I2 Gby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic6 z% H  `/ w/ R
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
5 V; C) z9 J* Ncles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
9 |8 |* |4 B6 Areport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
% p2 n6 K* Y  v7 r4 b9 [5 jenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-# R8 G, ^- b# J# T+ J% d
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
6 |6 p# z1 V, f& Cto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by" z! l0 v9 v; U( X
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
, D# X' S% f# M7 l3 I; lmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 L- ~, |9 w+ g* I" ]/ f$ gchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
4 g. T9 O+ N( t6 l' ~% _* N$ Wtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
' U3 n1 ]: _0 Q- m. ^" z# ?bly more common than the rare case report in the; |  A& P$ Q& m7 W
literature.4: y6 [- n& M2 p3 E, A) r( y8 l8 h
Patient Report
* v5 {5 E( v( F) bA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
& ^1 @1 r, e) n; \endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern$ H  [4 o+ Y' S9 X4 e- ^" P3 ^
of early sexual development. His mother noticed7 C$ f# \5 u* R6 j
light colored pubic hair development when he was
% s2 d4 V) Q2 C# b7 pFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of7 o  ^" _; m3 m* I; [
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
* m& ^  m! {5 V  uAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
# v* M9 B' p4 I9 _0 TProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
+ c; E( B8 i+ g7 rMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
7 V' g# ^' c$ Ae-mail: [email protected].
* N/ m* k. a. babout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became4 P2 F  T1 r- q- o
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-, o! B+ `, G2 v; c6 K( @# ~
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child. Q7 C6 a0 c- A3 d' X
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
/ U! j3 k" z- A& L# S! J4 l  pa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
8 n* i4 B$ M5 d2 U20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year: Z9 F% z4 j" F2 |2 n, V
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
4 w1 X  Y, j* d; ~$ o- ssolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,9 g4 E# L! y( n0 C
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" W! Y: M3 f" r' z. swas age appropriate.
1 X, O) L  |. {8 HThe family history was remarkable for the father,! j/ p" U1 c5 e0 P# M* g. t
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
8 m9 H" z4 G# V$ X2 `! cwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
2 X4 h  n/ d& F. ?* r1 Kheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
6 d0 a, {- c9 n; a4 ?6 ?' qearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.; O" Z  w  |' u: L5 C, X6 K/ z
The father denied taking any other medication. The; R& w. T) K+ `; X
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
# [2 N6 H$ _3 }9 r/ dwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet' b4 y5 V: l  D0 \$ j5 `
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-. l3 t$ [/ V% [8 V
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-2 _5 U' _1 z+ S/ k. r; {% U7 c- R  O6 l
tives. There were no siblings.- E( Y6 _' ]  _- V9 [4 V
Physical Examination
# s/ `  i: b% w6 T9 V  H( t9 M; zThe physical examination revealed a very active,
( U. p2 d0 X# h: F  w2 Eplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented. z# {# `5 a' @
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
: ]& t  \2 L1 I. u, ~) H; X* `90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
8 k* D3 x% L& M3 w( @(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
9 ]. J; {" @5 Xvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
, A  t5 d, N/ V  p! q3 @the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
  w# n) z1 n7 k, Q6 o/ AThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for( M$ B) ~0 M6 H# j: F. v  B
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
/ }  e; Z2 D" g2 ^6 R4 [1 J- F8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
9 |% g: v4 T3 k; V" M; M0 e9 pdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
' \; f2 C: X/ k5 E. u- Z0 l540
% L4 V' f1 t$ yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 }/ ^" H. M# Q- e# A! L# Q+ I! Ithe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The5 z& }( Z8 G8 b6 g. @1 C
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
4 u( r! w$ o, a7 L7 z0 pThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat, v; I3 c8 [+ N3 t5 g, b; y' j
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no) `; q! F/ f9 c8 g$ [* M
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
; r  w- x6 b, r* w4 I. KNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
! X7 W; E1 N. x  u. X4 fbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
% a8 a! p# ]) p9 @of papilledema.  r% r3 F$ w  W$ C9 d* O
Laboratory Evaluation
6 J6 b( ?* X3 @$ v& `The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
4 U- d" c! \7 R) @* V. cusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-3 d7 K# W/ Q* c
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal0 i+ d6 m: ?9 {6 {9 `& y  I. s" \
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test# Q) z; {0 K7 g
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-, Q  G( H- Y/ `8 L
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).: j, Y: t" E6 p+ G- j
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood  g. x3 t3 W# P
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
6 J( m! ?: k! Lwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
7 g) Y  m! i; b2 ?3 \' z# ?' y7 G5 rof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL  t  s4 P3 `8 h# G5 |
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 209 T. ?0 V+ T( w( J
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
( [, Z0 m9 Q6 \% ^' w, {; Dterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),9 k4 x8 v. Q7 a% `, `  y
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to: ]( A, Y9 v3 d( I
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)7 B9 @$ x8 l/ o! l" u/ z; H" [
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
$ i4 m$ j2 x# ]6 Z  ptisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total9 L1 N" B+ h$ t9 P- `
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),+ l3 O- {: G: F' C+ ]
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than' F% |! Z2 Q; ]# }+ j) n$ G
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
' G, V% \& J: estimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
" s' Q4 z/ R5 R1 l% T5 `& e9 jconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
3 Q: A  l' Z7 u& ](prepubertal).
8 t( D2 h  Y1 Z* a9 n# z# M0 }The parents were notified about the laboratory
& @, F: [/ [( n5 W) Lresults and were informed that all of the tests were# R1 T+ o0 |6 @0 _; c9 M
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
6 Q0 Q1 U8 T3 I1 q' o: d$ {6 ufollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to' |& V! p1 `, p- `& L
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
4 V- J% Y7 ?+ j3 e- p4 Mever, the family did not return for 4 months.. e; f1 N8 y/ ^- Z1 a% N8 ?
Physical examination at this time revealed that the4 C' g0 J# O& @3 q
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
! l( h; E0 N, V3 `1 E+ c8 L9 `2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
" G0 t- [1 \  R- h4 sunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
7 E( h1 P% }! [3 c4 P6 u1 spletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at, H! E# U% N* X" S
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
5 C* o/ R0 M) A) B3 G# gmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.( ]0 q  j5 E' p& z# B# Y! E7 H! V; F
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-9 O* Z1 p  G4 U$ _
ing frequent erections.) J: C9 t2 Q4 U5 c: Z4 N
Both parents were again questioned about use of& \! P8 b7 B7 ^0 A& o
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
% G0 Q- s7 `" s; ~! Kthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
4 X" ]. p' F# v* [6 k7 m8 p5 L% NTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. M3 K" Z6 S1 v" N$ G/ w7 b, E
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
& v% e/ a" a; ~; \2 f$ D/ z' P0 ding over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for. z% D/ t  d: x
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed9 {4 F* R5 H! G2 F6 z& Y6 `
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-" J0 K1 y2 W9 d  |
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
5 `3 ^2 p" }9 ~! J+ G0 K' I3 Y* ~secondary to depression.
, {  d- k* b9 f4 A2 WThe child slept in the same bed with parents.6 Q6 @* L! n. }% b/ z, \
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
$ q, Z$ H# z' I, u, a' l4 tchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-8 s& N% v. j) x! G: e5 x! s
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.1 R0 Z1 r3 s% ~; a7 g5 l
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
& Q# t' B7 O6 W, Gwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
8 ?, g3 p0 O. n1 f0 Z& l  ]$ s' Wwas high, he then read the product information! ?2 @3 k" p, Z3 U6 `) q
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-/ ]9 _% [$ a. H; W4 b6 K
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
1 j% s& P; H6 V% M6 T# z, \9 I  xdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the5 o2 w$ d' H* U8 U, Z
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
' o: {5 n- ?& b. S- ubeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone% E, `3 r- b; t! T
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
2 \% c& }9 ^# u. k. E2 ]laboratory to obtain the test.- r% r0 o' m; e6 S3 u5 v
Discussion
, u/ ~$ ~1 F& M3 c" U# P) z. L# a4 cPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
! Q! v3 E4 T( c; c7 C  |8 Ysexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
+ P  \4 S" C- Q& n) {Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
) i; N1 a2 K& D. mit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
/ x5 |3 O1 y5 Z" B$ l5 n) vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
! T, T; |6 c! P  }0 Fmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
7 N0 f; T6 b3 O. ]may have a central nervous system lesion that is
* V: {  C' e5 d+ p$ Cresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-. t  Q# t% `5 V% O& Y
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
- _( d6 h! i4 y+ Bsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in/ Q. U2 U! x1 R3 D* v
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
+ C! t$ k! d' ~1 A# lization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-1 v* h/ _( x2 N0 d! J8 t  S
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by6 H% ~* n2 v. O' Y( Z* a/ |. @
gonadotropins.1,3
* r8 B: s/ w+ H8 y& iGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
+ w0 s8 F& }3 p/ m( B0 Ecious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
' u. V& o7 v/ R" Wandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or  n1 k( N5 k; u1 d. c3 q
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-2 o1 J8 {. M" a, U4 \5 U
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
( z5 h% @7 }% A, W( Wcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive6 n4 z6 ~8 M5 Y
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
9 U4 L1 M! k2 S0 V) g3 w  bpuberty in boys.3,4
0 Q5 P6 [% ]6 }8 u& ?2 F/ l1 GThe most common form of congenital adrenal+ Z( S, a' y$ _& Q) d
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
; Z4 ^$ H& p- R0 y% @4 e+ j0 iThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in9 c, u+ j7 M$ t- t9 O
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( L) K4 h9 y' i. |3 r
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen3 t0 V4 ~0 X" T) f( L
excess.1,3# e; U- k4 G2 S) {! [
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from' `) o/ \: n2 U
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
$ C% K/ S+ i9 O7 R5 cA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
( i& x. h2 [! Sindependent precocious puberty, which is also known! K3 c5 o$ ^. l! R4 K
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
! t: P3 H9 Q9 d# kvery young age. The physical findings in these boys' G4 n* |1 |, K$ r
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
2 i4 _3 U; n! `' Zincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys+ L$ |- v* Z) L" c  F- j  h- j1 |* v
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder& t! x3 }4 A+ `4 K7 c0 z. ^
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
# v$ {8 f& u6 L* L. C2 gpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
4 v8 f+ J( p! k4 `releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
9 ?2 Y) X3 k; r; C7 o$ ~autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
$ q$ g6 G6 t. _) M) amales; therefore, other male members of the family
1 t: i+ [0 X2 Y2 H" omay have similar precocious puberty.3
  ?6 S6 U) h# a/ TIn our patient, physical examination was incon-3 M  q) j. y  I( ^! ~3 x
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
+ ^+ O! W1 \6 b- Jcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis% A9 I+ Z5 c0 Z' z
was in the differential diagnosis because his father4 m" v7 A9 a( Y$ z) A9 \5 Y& p- n
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,6 i7 M$ |" H+ s
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
- @- O& r4 v$ Y6 Z5 m* @, |3 ^beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
& Q, D, w, r  B: e- oative initial history of androgen exposure, our' B9 X) I* R" O( m$ @+ g9 H
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,9 m) a$ T% a; ~# _
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase$ X  C- V) T$ r/ G
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-5 @/ M, [* h: Q! Z5 ]; j
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.. g3 X# J5 }# I3 b$ s
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly6 o! p3 C6 R# K3 k# S6 |
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
9 h9 U) C* s& O: A7 l0 b4 \the physical examination revealed the complete disap-8 _& ?; ~# w( f$ W( |/ _
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
% l- [' {. p/ B8 Y" t( Hdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-- J9 Q5 x  ?4 ~0 N7 H. M9 ?
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
: Q& R" j. S; m( c' Cusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’( M' x# i  W" U4 M4 f/ Y3 J
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or7 Q' _* [0 a# s# Z
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to: m, |% Z/ l) d1 l
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
* Y9 d$ B9 h) K4 Z5 \1 JSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
7 Y" B3 o$ u. M5 N4 K7 z9 X& ~0 gbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
% K4 N% _2 e; h( R& k1 F! R, h# beven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male/ U' [+ P) s8 h4 L; c  E
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-& }9 D3 N. `6 D' U0 c
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
; O/ L2 [; _& G8 _2 K7 FOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,; W! a; a9 j- P% E; S
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
; \& D5 N9 _, N& Q0 h  @# e% `6 s6 Ndermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-: V, h9 h9 t, l! u
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more) u" |, _# u2 Y
active in young children exposed to testosterone
% t- _. F" G& t6 b' ~3 I; vexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
0 C4 Z; M3 N4 }7 N0 j3 n" |- [8 @drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
) g" t! O. H8 E0 Yvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
1 E9 ~9 E) w/ B% [" f' Bchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and: R5 q- d! k1 y# g( o& y8 W
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.5 C3 p4 c' ~! m$ T: L
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
* s* V" m, {/ f# vearly childhood on pubertal development and final  A- f  ]& T6 N8 Y0 n+ o) P1 U
adult height are not fully known and always remain
+ y1 L' n* ~2 B) f, @, q1 Ha concern. Children treated with short-term testos-0 V3 W5 H6 l& T8 J# k
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some8 j3 E/ W- x- G$ R
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after* Z% ?( s8 R; `5 O* J1 v' E
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation% t9 M/ Y+ e' t. p' U' X# J
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
. v& y; P( E5 c/ ^( XThere are conflicting reports and controversy
2 g3 M) ~! Z* ^% h1 N# r8 x1 R, t( oover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
0 Q7 T6 X9 m$ q& [1 `2 @penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal+ F1 O* W, F. s" |  M8 \
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
+ M) q% O9 J$ |5 {3 `% O9 z0 Oulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: t: j/ E% L* }
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between' F4 I3 J' B7 [, g3 I
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult8 A: Y" a) p3 c4 Y4 E! z
penile length in clinical studies.  ?( y" P- g! i! c8 B0 ?1 M
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
, h3 y2 I  R5 fgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
/ C* T5 P. [5 A$ f2 g% h* n: |- G& gtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because3 T# A/ G5 r8 B/ c
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.! ?4 q* p0 \: `* R% j9 m
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
7 U4 ~8 i$ m! U. \diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
, g/ O: j3 M, r5 nthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult9 L4 G2 f  h; H$ w
height will not be affected.5 p5 q$ G1 ~0 c% j
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-8 ^# B3 Z' K, B9 }; G1 m- r
ability of androgen products in our society may
* ~8 W8 `  t. z/ cindeed cause more virilization in male or female
  X$ W9 E7 Y) D3 h) g! Vchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
# S) ^4 h1 A9 E  t) X9 j- Ugen products must be considered and specific ques-
- e/ d* C& S5 q1 jtioning about the use of a testosterone product or$ \5 D* i8 x3 R9 S
gel should be asked of the family members during# t  T8 U# v+ S: J' D
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
6 _' Y: x0 p: m8 @2 B' |ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-  s/ ]9 w7 m3 |( M( d8 J/ ~1 f' P, e7 p1 A
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
/ [7 h, k/ l: q; f/ w% T2 aappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
. ?; b% P* s" y2 q5 }" _; {history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
# s) l, z9 k( F( |( T! a4 fresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
% f$ O; V5 k, B4 kinvestigation. The primary care physician should be* E  K$ R( h; t( ?) L8 o1 z8 B: i
aware of this fact, because most of these children$ O: z1 h0 C1 R  z
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’, F$ L. _3 \# T# U9 u$ I
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
' c0 z* Q  ]7 U' }/ k/ C9 ?' W  nwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or4 J# A+ x9 K, H5 z3 D/ {1 o
female child who might come in contact with some-2 q2 L9 j; B% T9 M1 c7 M% B9 N
one using any of these products.
/ V; c3 E, V) K# u$ i! y! OReferences- A7 W. v" Z; [% z& B( l8 N
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
9 P0 g  D. h' G1 I8 ~- Oand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
2 L. c9 ], c2 B. p3 O0 FEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;1 W; u* V- r, F" P& T  r
2002: 565-628.3 A8 X1 s1 e7 U. N6 X
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious4 K  [' J8 u0 E9 i! _5 q* \% z
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

' c& v- {3 E. |! j1 L精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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