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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
* R/ V0 K2 b  U1 a; O6 hBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
6 m. j# }! k% ^4 aExposure to Testosterone
6 m+ t  @' o7 O* z/ V1 \Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,21 Z. T* X0 L' _  `
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1- t: U; Y. M8 D# S7 o
Clinical Pediatrics
7 U0 i' |) s: ~, v) y/ k+ _6 TVolume 46 Number 6; t9 K# L8 g& a  z! r
July 2007 540-5433 p8 P6 V5 w* g- }
© 2007 Sage Publications! y  ?4 N# O9 U/ j
10.1177/0009922806296651
8 {# f) S3 f; T9 q6 S0 Z/ ahttp://clp.sagepub.com
' K8 Q+ o2 |1 N3 c7 Khosted at+ q% U% r* M( Z" Y
http://online.sagepub.com
# n  a- c$ J( b0 t2 @+ CPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,- B# _, B8 M1 |, M( F& ^
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
$ W( |2 ~4 F+ h, `precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
. i7 H4 s" ^- n$ }% O- Ythrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has$ Q4 m+ D( f; j3 i+ X
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
* {+ _" V- w% C+ nlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested/ L* n0 M) j% O
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic; X$ \) `# R! }3 f$ q( m
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
3 y  e: V. v" i1 Ecles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We9 H9 b( H' ^' ~. k8 |4 `
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the; M+ v5 n/ g( \- l0 b" P3 m6 a
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
+ `5 ~0 q+ S0 @9 e8 `' k! kment without testicular enlargement, which was due
- E3 N! s. B; T( M# L8 rto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
1 C/ x9 ~+ `$ Q  X- A# C1 z# _the father. The family initially concealed this infor-2 n% N7 S$ ~2 N  @
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this8 R# M. s/ K  ~4 [: M& E$ ]
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of* e' r6 V% l* m
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-: j2 |$ }8 g7 T# w
bly more common than the rare case report in the
2 `( V$ u0 r3 ^% J5 Uliterature.4, ]4 {- K8 n# W5 |5 ^
Patient Report( z+ a9 C* C7 j2 M
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the+ V- ~# ~8 n- R9 [
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
3 }2 H, I. K. ^0 @, D) c: Sof early sexual development. His mother noticed
/ J% @9 U% X8 U+ k  S: Plight colored pubic hair development when he was
: d& F0 h3 o1 g* U; _From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
6 o8 O" n! g9 `' S9 HSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
5 n0 z" T2 F( |5 h0 e, yAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
+ q+ X+ n) A8 }Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of+ K7 U2 p! t* f
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;: e3 z9 m6 M( H
e-mail: [email protected].# u' H6 r8 \' i& x6 \
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became0 |# H& O8 c! p' i' `( y8 R
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
2 A: v6 @. i2 G1 Zment of his penis and frequent erections. The child1 y% [. _' R7 w8 d$ Y0 t# t
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with! G. m' r+ |; ]0 k  y, f
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of5 C  T0 T6 h7 E1 A( T% t
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year0 y+ }7 {' ]: F% Q: C0 [% t$ @+ O
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with+ |3 n2 n3 D4 q. T8 ~! \
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,8 A9 U3 T/ [* z, o6 @
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development; M9 v* [) i3 |/ M1 ~+ c/ z' O
was age appropriate.
( R  }$ |9 c- d; e1 A7 D' eThe family history was remarkable for the father,, L) i2 {6 b  J3 U5 v3 w9 }
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,- a( F( a- c. ^5 L. _" q
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
/ o4 Z6 v5 s; q" P, Y" Sheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat" B8 R  W% l% Z' U" C
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.$ w. n( n8 z0 k
The father denied taking any other medication. The
* }6 ^8 [& U( hchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
" L  Q' U- ^! \( Cwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
# L0 r8 b1 ^* {8 a0 {5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-/ G9 n+ L0 l! z1 O/ a
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
# l$ n2 v7 B6 ttives. There were no siblings.
% X6 L* U' T) x4 [1 }+ wPhysical Examination
- |' o# t* N- N& FThe physical examination revealed a very active,
! t' Y7 B9 {1 M2 U6 P3 q" xplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
; O" `% I+ X: x) K  {, G/ i8 u8 ya blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was% A5 C( ^' Z- }& V: n; e
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
: f- ]) L* }5 ^! v4 S# Q6 r(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth+ {! a5 W1 d3 B6 a
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
* {; U! f% G9 F5 p" R7 j8 othe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.( |; s$ U; V8 [9 W
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for6 B  ]6 E. |, O; t' L- |; z3 V1 |
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
: }- w, e8 h8 I) U0 M8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
/ }! e: m8 I/ c: c. qdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around2 P6 I, H4 V, l3 f* X; f7 l) x# s
5402 J- ]" u& T. e0 F$ p* ^
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from) D- X) p7 ]$ z/ h: [- Y; |
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
# j" G  V% H6 y& Gtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
0 v1 b1 X+ J  K$ H+ ~2 XThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
- B0 T' T$ W2 [/ ooily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no. f# n1 Z% Z  Q6 a9 v( B
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.6 ?% F. e& L$ ~$ s( K( q1 K6 A
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
) m0 G" N1 Y0 Z1 |! A; dbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
9 C4 G) P- A3 i  W6 Z& c5 {of papilledema." b) ~9 t  A, ]
Laboratory Evaluation
9 O: k  h, J4 {# k  KThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
! w( J/ P5 Y8 |0 ]/ Vusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
- q; n( c5 [% m, @logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal, V5 w- {2 r) h9 @  M4 Y8 L: z7 V
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
, _8 I5 i$ g; {7 w: wshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
- i+ Y2 F3 A; c4 J  H" I, `0 g, ~lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).2 x6 f+ k7 D2 G+ P0 T% N# j2 W
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
* J' s7 f8 ~) f' Zurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were) O& P) Z( b& l
within normal range for his age. The concentration
! S) V" q# M' R( f0 |of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL. M7 F$ p7 ]3 c: K8 |
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
7 S9 b6 F  [7 t7 z  Xng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
* l; A/ G, E/ X5 `- @1 n! Y8 }: R8 cterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
# D+ u$ s# `6 k* f4 e& d6 x+ y2 V% Cdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
3 [/ s2 B! e9 Y' A5 |49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
: P) t: y+ [$ wwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-2 |- P; n7 L: L" K% x' A4 f) e
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total% ^) B/ y+ \3 `
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
- h  j5 L; R& W$ h4 {( B4 ]' a. sand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than& S/ s0 b# c$ k6 p+ l; w8 c" c
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular& H% d. D- Q. H6 V. c
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
: Y3 p$ e3 A* A( sconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
2 H$ }- M9 b* E2 O% I(prepubertal).
8 @; ?' b' u, z+ w* dThe parents were notified about the laboratory' a2 L9 e: j9 _
results and were informed that all of the tests were+ s+ y' A' v" k2 l1 s/ P  p/ a
normal except the testosterone level was high. The9 n! N6 r& I, x6 F
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to( y6 G- H! I1 \6 U
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
9 W/ T- W4 u. n" h, V! ~  f  d  Cever, the family did not return for 4 months.
& p9 m3 p' z7 r) _Physical examination at this time revealed that the
8 V# a- q3 Z. G2 Mchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
( t4 s# U" D- i$ O0 H2 w; [3 E2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
( o- h. ]1 u" zunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-3 p' R4 }& b) g  w# W' k
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
0 `; w9 r0 ]2 N* ?the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 26 W' e+ ]8 d" L% z" Y
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
' |5 w0 x# f8 a$ _8 ^* w* b8 VThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-. Q. n/ ~9 K4 Y! ~: l
ing frequent erections.
& |1 V. [* T+ b8 A& XBoth parents were again questioned about use of
6 O& C  a1 z! }7 `9 f. l4 @) [any ointment/creams that they may have applied to( \9 ^" w$ y$ X) F9 ?0 W. L
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
2 T* N' U2 w+ J6 K0 S3 b; xTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
1 p, h) E& m8 yuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
0 T2 k1 Q0 z5 ]! k5 Oing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
7 D& Y- n7 M1 _, {a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
9 r* c. J6 H% S( L7 C( U0 fto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-& X5 w7 G- t# C( `% g8 A! @
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido- f; I4 J- P5 F% U* n% Z3 A
secondary to depression.' P( v( x' Y+ m( n, `& ]. w
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
( ^8 a1 n7 ]$ g0 \+ H* I3 GThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
* u3 `) W$ u2 Y* Lchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
4 `! D( `  ]) C  [) J# H0 N" Xnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.1 H+ n6 d6 I' d! G
The father also admitted that after the phone call,* I: X* }: g+ K# i8 L
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby7 B  c0 R- f- V) y7 t
was high, he then read the product information
/ M* A6 Q) U! s% G  ^  z' _packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
( I# [( T+ w1 {! vson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they; Z2 X; x: ~  t7 q( Z4 Q+ `+ d
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the: j  T& B. Y4 ^; W" ?) ?
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
1 u5 }+ s- `; Y3 H( n* r7 _been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone5 C: X, j5 x0 v2 q7 L$ {! u
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
8 _) [6 r2 r9 K% I% k& L; E/ Ilaboratory to obtain the test.
& x3 i% k2 J  k  P& ]Discussion
6 P  W1 t, V$ q* V2 D$ e2 hPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
+ i$ K& m+ m2 o. A' m/ D, Usexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
9 x* `' P8 v2 n* j9 N, t( zPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
9 u; D) g' E2 \* h! rit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-9 A  q  R1 X: @
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-% q" @/ F, j" @- k% m: B
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
; V% k' h7 y% e9 Emay have a central nervous system lesion that is* ~9 X, l' K7 M5 m6 y! [
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-3 ?) M1 Z% u2 O; D- }. j) v% j6 I
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
  w9 v5 E5 P  t: y) t1 Bsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
& }0 `$ O0 B. P; S+ {' K7 iboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-$ y& [6 S" T. b: w
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-; u$ I3 d. N( s& W$ D; s: F
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by7 n4 T# ?7 c5 _3 Y
gonadotropins.1,35 i9 ]& R+ C! h( d' _- X: l* A( W+ X
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
% @$ j% v# |. z/ ~cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate9 j" y6 m9 ]0 u6 ]$ j: T* o
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or3 J2 Q2 N% n! L/ d0 q4 N, C7 C
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
# S( ]5 n+ g* N( X( Dulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing) p- Y, ?$ `& A9 i
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
. T, }: k6 y/ Padrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious- t1 v( O* j' K6 t7 h
puberty in boys.3,4
  X0 N. o2 t% e1 z6 V/ l; fThe most common form of congenital adrenal
( D4 r( j0 @5 z4 Phyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.' {& z2 Q" j; }; Y7 O
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
5 S4 b+ \! n4 z( d5 L$ [6 ^; wexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,; O8 m: H/ F5 d- F
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
3 L1 J5 L% U, f& b' O4 X, _6 eexcess.1,3: {8 ], r- C& b6 F6 y3 a. i
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ ^$ i) `2 }5 H) H; O
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
* O0 Y: i4 b6 ]$ JA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
/ b! ?5 |# y1 N0 }3 m, Zindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
  E9 }$ R" m/ @as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
6 I" r( F0 d( m0 I/ |: t' uvery young age. The physical findings in these boys" _/ p: X' u* m+ F1 {
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
9 H9 D* ]; B' A5 H  R$ rincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys: R  k) O- ]  I) v& Q! i8 P
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder; _% `( E) {, u. v3 ]# a
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show* x; T) D; i; s2 R9 I5 ?" B  Q
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-  n& I9 J# K& n, S7 Y
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked* O) W6 s! n+ S, ]3 Z
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only$ v7 h3 a1 F1 @: k$ }
males; therefore, other male members of the family  k& \$ }, `2 f! F: ]
may have similar precocious puberty.3
. @" t. Y& U8 X" KIn our patient, physical examination was incon-1 u: `% x6 n  N
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
4 Z& O2 Y: |" i& Bcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
& ?9 @$ z& f  V1 S+ Qwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
- u2 `) E( o& P! l5 [started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,& x# M2 S" D! K1 v) R6 a
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
8 X( Q- N' ?* \. U! S1 [4 `beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
& T5 l6 h# d0 K2 {2 R5 q% Dative initial history of androgen exposure, our& x6 K" J0 c" m0 |
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,# L( f9 E8 i3 {- A  w& c
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase8 t+ x1 k5 x/ I, h: w5 l
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-# m1 x; e* ~8 [! X( O% V* d
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.- V$ _* g/ G" T' e3 V2 l
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly, G# _' B  c9 i7 V) s4 _
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because' g3 ~# @8 ]9 j5 `$ C) d
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-- _/ @0 V( W# k0 e& Q
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and7 m5 e- u/ E7 c0 z7 X" t* ^
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
' W- A4 O8 O# L0 u6 t8 {terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was" h8 `% u4 G' R1 \9 {1 H& y
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
' I( u# p- }/ x; Y+ ^6 s7 X+ yDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
$ P7 Y& f+ P( b' @  d7 M7 M" z& vcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to3 x4 b& N: Y- {1 A
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
* u  x: U" x8 e, D" {; o/ nSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the% R, k0 f  U: d! j+ w, z0 d9 i
baseline value in those females who were exposed to/ g, {" n- H8 ^8 }2 i/ y4 F
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
9 P1 o  r: ~* ?- B8 Z8 tpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-0 D5 C8 s+ }0 v
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
6 o3 A& K# i& g; i$ s' XOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL," K" a9 w# Y. _0 t0 K# N9 G
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
# K% q6 s1 T, J+ n; ddermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-! t/ \9 s6 Q( z3 H2 ?
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
1 H7 m" Y" F7 d' P6 R- hactive in young children exposed to testosterone6 O! l7 A- L; l0 |2 q# C. P
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
: O* H; V1 I, s" T% `: N+ idrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
+ F' x; Z. j5 s- Cvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
+ W& D% {3 N- ~% y7 echildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
' ]: s, W7 `3 F- r/ ?4 s9 I# Radvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ |( F6 [( B' X5 H4 Z' i2 O, R' ?The long-term effect of androgen exposure during# V7 L9 \9 m& @; N4 D
early childhood on pubertal development and final
% @5 v7 R1 I- y6 }3 a3 O4 badult height are not fully known and always remain
7 b; c9 t5 e! La concern. Children treated with short-term testos-* b7 n) K5 c7 Y$ M* o3 d" O4 j
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some9 E) C" U/ q; `: s! Q
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
, p5 s% E" j8 `1 U3 o  ~! ~  wcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation# r6 h  h3 X# D1 Z3 ]
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
: F" \! H5 }% r$ O" L! oThere are conflicting reports and controversy$ e  ^" [- r* a7 x! _" q1 O, ~/ A
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult9 B' U. V- e) S. h' W: K! I
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
. x, z9 Z. K, o' d7 z) @! Aadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-0 B! S/ R% N. I4 A0 x. K
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,1 x: H$ G, A* _# C; q" |  K  W. |
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between5 |5 ?# t2 s( v3 ]0 _, b$ c
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
4 G& U- P4 J+ m& Z; p2 ppenile length in clinical studies.
% A1 w9 I6 l% q% G+ _Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
3 Y0 g0 t& {6 {) `& U+ C+ wgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from7 m$ J/ u. j8 \/ Y* c
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because# A# I6 t: t+ c/ b  R# x
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time." n, @' H  `: p# p# Y
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
/ T7 y6 p+ h8 a1 e! g0 Q" }; ldiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
" |# O7 I; P) K/ M+ O9 {2 nthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult1 S- A3 m/ k2 C
height will not be affected.
, K8 \- D1 [. }8 f2 r) j  a. T: mAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
& J  ~2 S" C. D7 c, t  Q, n# |& k5 Qability of androgen products in our society may
6 {3 w; f* C7 Cindeed cause more virilization in male or female
# m5 J( M1 q/ schildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
% S! I5 ~* ?6 Ggen products must be considered and specific ques-
& g# C% R# O& |) T0 xtioning about the use of a testosterone product or, a) U' V" Q6 a5 M# x
gel should be asked of the family members during
& U( p  E, Y& {1 ]the evaluation of any children who present with vir-% s7 ?% r/ e9 ]3 t2 u, q
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-" V8 ~# {4 n$ T/ |
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
, F) }3 g# r6 {' |" happropriate history. The inability to obtain such a, q9 C0 S( ]) o3 U4 ~2 |- R
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
$ k+ @, C: ]: {! _" a0 Eresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
5 |3 l8 f8 v8 M4 ninvestigation. The primary care physician should be' a; F; T3 f7 W
aware of this fact, because most of these children; G; o7 X1 O) s3 B, b7 c
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’8 W) t  o0 P6 h( n4 z
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a7 `& j  \5 y! c1 z* v- G1 m4 U5 o
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or  y$ G, `8 Y7 L9 s" h5 R6 ^
female child who might come in contact with some-
" b0 l9 W9 M4 Q' gone using any of these products.
0 C* s) C1 u+ C0 R1 F" [References# |$ {, a3 f& r; e/ y9 e1 F
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
& L2 H- E" l0 w& F  s% ]and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
' A3 P( z/ e" W/ }4 V8 u3 QEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;( H8 |" B! T) n  Q: f% q
2002: 565-628.
- M% e% j( K& B& X& l2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
% E% P  O: H4 c* h: f8 xpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
! U! K! a% d  m! e3 A1 y! G4 vBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
) ?$ m$ r0 o; }, b' c/ \- g: xExposure to Testosterone
# r! c9 Y1 |( a+ JSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
8 Q; I. Z0 N4 v& k1 e2 pand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
5 X. Y4 g1 D/ V$ R; [* TClinical Pediatrics2 T' ?% L" @+ `; o1 u
Volume 46 Number 69 x0 w( U* i. X8 {1 T" [& g" l
July 2007 540-5430 d: h& X5 |  @( G; |7 B; q/ }9 B
© 2007 Sage Publications
+ O5 T" l. f0 o% Z10.1177/0009922806296651- c, j9 p& |& T, v0 c* }  W9 |0 Q
http://clp.sagepub.com
2 G3 Q. G2 C, @hosted at5 B$ H% E7 o* r
http://online.sagepub.com
  S: L: A# i. o  B: Q& B) W0 sPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,# B8 |# x9 g/ ]3 [, u' I( {
is a significant concern for physicians. Central( L0 o8 }; R: m* I
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
8 p1 g1 S: C7 h4 y6 Z. nthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
# p. m" R9 f8 j- o- Va higher incidence of organic central nervous system
- u: R) i5 H) ?5 T! E/ U6 y7 plesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested  L- G% t3 ~9 F
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
- X  N: S* K' k/ ]2 E- L: ~hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-0 ?# ?7 u. a5 v. ~4 ]
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
/ T7 x. E3 e+ M9 Treport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
6 Y7 m0 H% a9 t& S5 Z# }enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
% w! p# i+ o; J  ^  z# iment without testicular enlargement, which was due0 ?9 V0 Q% r3 u+ v& o
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by* |0 t: _; Q" |3 i3 L
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
! J# d- T5 V4 x* n8 ?: u; umation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
$ j, n% N/ K6 ?6 X0 z0 xchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
& v& q  q$ j1 q( @testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-' H  I% b5 ^5 U5 n  u% e
bly more common than the rare case report in the; T6 H/ L% {! n. X. o, w! W6 B1 w
literature.4
2 k5 z1 S7 i# U2 r5 z+ I" z' mPatient Report
, n! c' \/ A% }A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
) p& U. F. d  s  ^* A. E1 oendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
* `* A, Q' F/ O3 h5 Aof early sexual development. His mother noticed
& `% D  C, z2 Ulight colored pubic hair development when he was4 z0 F4 X* j: P: h$ H: \. `4 o3 J
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of' M- a* N* G& @, I# \* y
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama./ p9 b0 A: M5 v' G3 P. V
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
  L/ I/ H  x3 {( N  IProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
7 @9 {& S% _+ i7 zMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;' ~* d: v- u% x4 I3 _: E; u0 U
e-mail: [email protected].! Z% ]2 l$ l$ r
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became. u9 c4 t7 G, s- T1 _7 v
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) E6 m9 Z7 Y; q+ D* x# Z1 l
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
' i$ L: u# A" |9 ~& d5 k2 s; Bwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with, y9 q8 }! ^, B5 R) @
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of2 G- l# M" P, B% E. f( j+ n, `% a
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
1 k% y) G/ T' ~  f1 {of life and was still receiving breast milk along with& b8 _  y4 D( \; b
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,* j# g2 s# F' \7 ~: t1 R* ?5 W
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
% b& h; A' j1 h! s1 K0 ^9 \5 y- |was age appropriate.
8 S- D7 {& Z# @4 c" V& FThe family history was remarkable for the father,' A" T" k9 L5 T: K$ O, ]# ]
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
, P2 `) M, m$ ~; owhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
9 }( s( R1 V8 g, Z& w+ f% Uheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat9 J  g' j/ K2 k
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.3 H3 a- m6 X0 B; n9 `2 ~
The father denied taking any other medication. The
6 D$ N* g" n$ N/ Qchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
) r" b- q5 d/ ]was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet! F- R/ t1 h& B2 v
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
3 `$ f* G1 k/ ococious sexual development in the first-degree rela-7 A& N! g6 d8 W- v8 G
tives. There were no siblings.
/ Z/ Z- @; b1 K3 O4 y( DPhysical Examination
5 m" W- a9 I2 ^7 f  j0 ^The physical examination revealed a very active,* A( L; d" S0 v9 n
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented  V" I3 s( b. O% B7 o. F
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was8 v3 I8 D. M3 v0 r# O  F( N
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
1 X# R/ o1 L/ H9 D, i( {. ^- V(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth& L# C+ K, W9 D1 D
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
- @7 c9 Y- M2 u7 l) Z) q8 t2 ithe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% \' g5 D, T/ f' @/ w6 E7 L
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for% f# I& _! l5 K+ n: W: v
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
% Z0 y% _# l* H9 x8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well% ]- {" @+ u$ Z9 K" G6 }2 ?2 q. ^9 n( y
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
8 |, i: z; J+ C$ P, R: }9 r1 ^$ @540  F2 m2 C# k" `8 H% ?
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# F* ?, J. x5 t; j
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The* `# B( _0 i, a- y+ a8 z
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.5 U; B! W, G* N) O
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat+ b" K: x; ?' O3 t; t
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
$ q1 W/ y: J* Mabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
8 l5 r9 _( Z7 G# W  j5 DNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+8 ~  f3 f5 J0 t- |" M3 |
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion5 y% n; {( r/ L  R- P* R) m
of papilledema.
3 \& L! F& L) D* O7 ~9 ILaboratory Evaluation: A( I/ {* R/ N
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
. t9 `. E  |' n# j. E8 ousing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
% Y* m! v) P  _4 Plogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
9 d/ e5 Q$ F2 X/ Fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test$ }0 s) a( g9 [& M6 |0 H4 r8 `
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
# @0 W& a. b* F8 |lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)." Z- r6 o8 u" {  v2 Z6 @
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood) c( E/ D3 @. y. Z7 L
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were. t$ m9 Y) M2 F& R! H7 J
within normal range for his age. The concentration6 Y: u9 s! t$ g! x6 c' a/ T
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
1 }0 l9 X" }/ h( H, q% W(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
5 e: _. O% x% {ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
# t! q0 f6 L/ n6 d8 k, t: s8 Tterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),/ e! J; e: K  G& K+ k- S
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to8 A+ C9 z* |0 R
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
- k2 m* B' x. ^( Z1 \2 Uwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
+ ^1 @( m# s0 F1 X% ftisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
& o. o7 O, j5 }* Ftestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),: H- n5 {5 ?# D
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
; c4 L: `4 d! _( a+ I5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular* M7 L7 e, ?' E4 x2 Q
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
- F6 m) p% U& L3 N) \concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL, O% }8 y: l( z! _2 `) b. Z
(prepubertal).
  L0 b" c/ }; ^: EThe parents were notified about the laboratory& s% h4 p3 O$ J/ S8 M3 `6 H+ K3 {
results and were informed that all of the tests were
, V% R7 J$ ^  d& a8 i3 K( Snormal except the testosterone level was high. The8 o9 X8 z* ?1 {: f' b) o( S
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
% o( C% ]. g9 @obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-' a& \' F! w- W7 L5 v. l" n
ever, the family did not return for 4 months./ o' S5 T! D" B7 j
Physical examination at this time revealed that the4 ^1 z7 k. y5 [- p
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
4 R$ ~' T" w2 D0 F% V2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
4 f" o8 r4 C- {( N+ Nunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-8 _7 ^- I* A0 F5 H- y- ]3 |
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
: a8 p6 u  m2 I8 H1 S! L  Kthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2* W# y+ P: O+ ^& q
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
  B  T% A- [$ Q6 qThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-( M0 g: [" A( I% a- ^
ing frequent erections.: Z% ?! a6 @- C& F
Both parents were again questioned about use of
1 u/ U7 X1 ?, {4 f4 Yany ointment/creams that they may have applied to# a* g! s; O: |$ _4 o' w8 D( [3 \
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
& {# f- D5 h+ w1 O8 K1 t1 FTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541- E3 J( _" u6 @. v0 ]; b
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
$ F# M# A5 d# k. P) ming over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
: U2 Q8 d8 `2 _3 `+ x9 Sa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed* e6 T$ L" G7 n8 U1 g1 i
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-0 V2 e9 W4 D* V5 u! Z* ~5 _* z
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
# X, U* _6 A7 I7 q1 `  C" Z5 Hsecondary to depression.
0 }. `6 R- p5 w5 sThe child slept in the same bed with parents.& S/ ], a7 w# L; C
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
; g3 k# j9 ]! a# Q$ [$ echest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-" x# b: f* o- h
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.. V& Y7 Y& O! p" z7 F$ T8 G! r
The father also admitted that after the phone call,# _& D; {* d4 K- Z5 ~$ o& \! X
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby  U8 ?2 C! K( s- M' w+ r
was high, he then read the product information
/ I8 i* d( Z  ipacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-+ T1 ]# t. g, O- \- w8 M4 W
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
, }' m8 B9 m3 o1 Bdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the0 E) ?0 w+ O, [3 I3 f1 s
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had1 }$ I4 g; R9 D, @7 C
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
) k' Q* ]  {+ a+ b3 Htest was ordered, but the family did not go to the2 E+ S, [2 ?6 S& ]
laboratory to obtain the test.
: P& T" w9 S* P& iDiscussion
* y0 K: V% N9 gPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
1 R! Q3 [3 {# |% c4 h6 `sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
3 R: O& K, m$ O: g- Z2 B+ i3 ZPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
: X- f6 r4 A7 {1 ?it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-# b3 Q; T) w% e4 L) _
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
$ O& D, q0 ~' s* zmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP+ _& _& |! Z6 C8 m$ i' s" `
may have a central nervous system lesion that is) j. R$ a2 S7 n" N
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
/ ]$ t/ Y. \7 Z, Gamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
- m5 |4 e) N+ W# `sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in7 N2 i1 w) t  N6 ~/ n' N
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
+ w' r1 O8 s& r* l: H5 Kization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-- a! W3 N9 |) d0 s9 z
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by1 G$ P& D' ?5 p) T. P( |5 G
gonadotropins.1,3
& g1 ~% S" C8 T/ l' R" ^5 HGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-+ M! I  e9 \2 O9 C- ^
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate. V7 T. d# y( Y4 C
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
# o6 h$ q! ?; }) fexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
5 l/ d8 j& l6 G2 Sulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
8 c. l1 _. y' c+ i, ]congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
* K& t  L7 L& D1 _7 ~0 s' a9 B4 zadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
2 w- s; c' N' k9 A1 B- Spuberty in boys.3,4
. x6 d# a- _# {) C) [The most common form of congenital adrenal# E/ X, c3 i. ], {4 m/ w+ e2 {5 d
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.6 v0 p: p# O" d7 b3 U  _/ H
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in7 r9 W4 }- {/ a, q1 W8 O7 a
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,# V2 S& n9 o4 L2 [' h
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen. u( p8 q& e& s- [
excess.1,3
/ z, d" E* ]' h' F- L5 D) pat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 J+ W, e0 w9 N" J! H
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
2 w, r1 `6 A+ P" _& ^7 bA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
- M8 [8 H4 v0 G  l& Q% windependent precocious puberty, which is also known
: j! g/ A* y8 _: O/ @as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a! ?$ Y: {7 F3 w
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
9 V; k' l' t6 E6 L. @with this disorder are full pubertal development," }9 W( P! c3 h+ q7 A! h3 m
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- Z" R! a1 I; uwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder' u! R0 z. J( ]: o' `
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show/ ~" k  @1 ]: A" I9 A
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-) B) U: t! B- y5 d- H2 i& y5 z; g; d
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked  G4 T1 r) n# V* o# T+ f; n
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only& B& E) S$ I' @, r7 v- p
males; therefore, other male members of the family4 ]6 p! k8 C1 z# d& P0 M* ?
may have similar precocious puberty.3
' u* p. h9 \( q5 t6 Z  ?. DIn our patient, physical examination was incon-: r: ~: r+ B- C3 J1 ?/ M9 O, s
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
$ g; a! @- |' Dcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis8 Q! c- Q2 n, @2 N+ d
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
6 m5 O: \  N4 {, p) u" d4 nstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
- ~# i- D6 I% K! n5 E% Rtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the& h4 Z+ `+ E( r" |* t( k
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-, Q: _1 Z# P9 x( s1 `* f, n
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 d, X4 N, u! O
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,# ?0 ]) E; A- i
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
) t- k+ b& I& B1 w) N$ W5 R7 Pdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
1 s* x& S7 H6 u0 n$ g2 zing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
' S0 d5 T, Y: m% e4 KThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
5 \2 L, k# f4 q/ Esuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
3 N0 \( u0 y8 ~9 o$ |- O' t/ r& R  nthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-/ r& A: n, D# {1 a, N
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
2 e% V+ r/ u2 O) t( [decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
' H% G9 t3 t' J' N; Xterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
* E* h- H' g: Q/ M1 ]1 G' K# |using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’5 z1 {: T- J/ f7 s  e/ Y
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or' M' T* m- ~# l2 I! X9 m7 `
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to  }2 z+ ]) k7 C7 U7 N! O9 Z" v
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.; p/ Q% e. `' [, h) H5 X
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
) C3 U5 r7 T- ^& T+ }baseline value in those females who were exposed to% m8 d) G$ ?  N
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male) t$ m- o" n5 g+ a% ?: P4 U
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-: G" Z8 _4 t" t( P
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
7 s, }+ U% |% F( AOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,) O& Z0 t; c( z+ _; f
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that. K- u' g* }0 b; R" M
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
# `: q: w+ g( e- A$ D: Dterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
* a( f& h5 J, O  V4 Hactive in young children exposed to testosterone3 O% `1 A5 f! B2 U
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
4 K  E' _  z7 C! Jdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to+ a" h+ b5 Z1 S' f& b$ k; E3 x. Y
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
% W/ u; q& G7 n, D# f3 e+ _children results in an increase in growth velocity and
$ o8 A4 R9 v1 x5 m2 I. hadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.) d, c- O- u9 U$ ^
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
" d0 n# k5 j9 `early childhood on pubertal development and final
2 h' ]1 S: Y3 Kadult height are not fully known and always remain
7 A% B$ R* @+ R+ z" K5 ~% o7 Ba concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
  m" G  }" e6 g) Zterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
, p, r+ [; a. s0 a8 T) F9 U! lacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after& \  B  t: t$ @
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
" X2 o  U1 a" h/ k$ n2 Edecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 O! b* `6 A, g  y, p0 L1 PThere are conflicting reports and controversy
9 Q. ^% D) w9 V3 E! cover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult( G$ x8 k+ v* W4 X
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" \1 M$ G1 i- G; [( Y2 Kadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-; X# ~* l/ S" [! w' E* Y; @
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
. B; b$ D: W2 ^  A$ p. X, V. {7 LSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between, A) U; `9 m9 d. M8 c0 @
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult  C% M+ M) X4 v1 Q& P% U5 x
penile length in clinical studies.
' }8 y/ F  d6 o: H( CNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is. |* O  T. w% {$ \  `4 Q
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
0 F. O4 l9 }: ltestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because5 e/ k3 T; M# o5 B% S0 R  O1 ]
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
+ Q- }7 B) g7 V, DAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
- R: ]' c: l( f( Cdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at0 F+ R+ g# r+ c
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
' J' W! {& W/ c' F0 [& T6 A5 e) Zheight will not be affected.! v4 E# M# M5 Y: A3 }1 _$ q
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
% v9 y+ ], r/ P0 U" Dability of androgen products in our society may
) ^3 ~/ r/ w4 m; \0 Dindeed cause more virilization in male or female
* l" ]1 b, Y; uchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-% n0 c- l) @* A7 Y9 \. b) X: K  Y
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
. ~9 N7 J. o2 g( W2 b, Ytioning about the use of a testosterone product or
) h6 L/ J, g) {) D, ngel should be asked of the family members during0 v  ~$ S( |# D5 l  ]: N
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-: [4 l/ P+ P# s' U$ o
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-1 ^! o6 q  P' u; b( X6 `+ H5 g2 A, P
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 K- F1 k) S7 G9 f, R9 I
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a! U: {+ b8 Q  |1 D$ _6 B
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may! _) _3 y' \/ ~, v+ x6 j# j2 b6 C
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive  o( m. B( q4 ^$ f5 J; S/ n6 B1 h
investigation. The primary care physician should be9 j9 ?2 |0 D+ _% @6 i6 x; s0 ]1 [3 H
aware of this fact, because most of these children/ D3 ]7 w, `  s. I3 i
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
0 t/ f4 ?7 w# J3 g  O, UDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
$ G9 F# q! ^! h1 s" T0 Z- j. B. dwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or9 L+ o; B# ~! A" p
female child who might come in contact with some-& I  D# u9 R0 ?  b$ N
one using any of these products.
3 t# Y1 V2 G' |/ L& n3 x( pReferences
) w1 ]) R! _" s: Q7 e1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation$ w3 }  |8 z4 S9 o; \
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric8 k. i6 L: \1 o5 Q) K5 @/ D
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
" l* E7 H, d/ l2002: 565-628.6 W+ d0 D4 X$ n
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious4 |+ J3 K! W5 ]9 A  P5 Y/ I" G
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
  O% _' `- R* D% Y! Z. Y
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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