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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old3 U! h3 n8 x: F2 P# p3 y5 m+ q
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
3 \6 h: P5 J: \Exposure to Testosterone# O6 r3 P) V7 j7 m
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
. d- {" J9 q. {* ?3 yand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD13 F6 {# t5 J1 V) I1 g/ k
Clinical Pediatrics
  K5 ^: `& C; W5 IVolume 46 Number 6$ y* E/ ]6 C$ D: i7 F( I
July 2007 540-543
% S2 G/ ?2 N% _$ h; `© 2007 Sage Publications1 W+ k+ e6 r  h% X9 o+ s7 E. W
10.1177/0009922806296651- I4 [+ y: s7 P0 I
http://clp.sagepub.com
. O# j5 e1 E; c+ h! P: a& L7 ohosted at2 r; {9 t4 G- m
http://online.sagepub.com
% a" Q# }0 c9 a0 ~$ I7 JPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
. s. ]. ]+ {& j# {, d  Nis a significant concern for physicians. Central
" S7 y  g  [& s, F: Y( H7 eprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated% h) t, h* z5 B& C, h
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 W. f, N8 R, t/ ~7 c9 ta higher incidence of organic central nervous system- x1 b6 F) h9 C$ U2 d
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
& [  B# R0 g% E) s" \by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
0 L: ?' \7 A; w: x! h, H- nhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
) c/ O1 j. n2 @cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We3 s0 x- S! Q  |2 t2 l
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
' p2 E0 P! B4 n9 k- u" {2 w' t  d- venlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
, X6 t. k% b; d, }3 X3 kment without testicular enlargement, which was due
$ o; \8 F1 ^  i& H6 ~- k5 Qto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
( @9 u) X" d5 u/ V  |- athe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
& T4 \" M; B( A& K8 [" smation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this  M1 M6 {) a5 {! ?. |
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
  C# v$ r, H0 q. k, xtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-) E0 x. z/ X; B4 L$ L/ l
bly more common than the rare case report in the$ A  @+ x- |  e! o
literature.4: y% r6 X3 z; R) L  n9 ]
Patient Report
( U/ I, V. O2 g& e7 |9 bA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
) O: n7 ]; N' v: e0 _endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern: J/ z0 v+ q/ V0 E
of early sexual development. His mother noticed+ J0 I5 B; c, w- g
light colored pubic hair development when he was
7 O2 y8 U0 P5 q; u9 R1 yFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
7 Z' E, G# @3 ~1 v7 ~6 k! XSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama." n# g/ y/ ~9 }7 y! C' h! Z9 l
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
4 S+ ^$ y' @! Q3 q" Y# cProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
. }$ u- W5 ^  T, {0 m4 e+ vMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;$ B1 T% F7 J/ v) @* s
e-mail: [email protected].
$ V6 n2 a2 y5 n* O* t5 babout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became5 U& `/ }3 ?: u5 @; ]) k0 L) k( S
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-, e  i3 K: N! }; K. L8 N5 z  O$ W& g
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
. I" b. O* k2 @" f" Mwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with$ L9 [. i0 h2 t. s8 S" K
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of5 }2 B! L, m* B% k0 e+ o
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year/ ~) p* R% s: }$ E  G  [
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with" s1 K; G) a% s) Y0 j5 K: `2 `" u
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,, {, Y% s' a! I; c$ L- r
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
8 D) v) A& Q% u& bwas age appropriate.1 R' n* ~3 o5 s& p( a! T
The family history was remarkable for the father,
! Q+ Y$ z# j2 S# C& \who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
  }0 `, h) v: Swhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
- j/ ?* S& w# Zheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
  C! h/ [5 W# s( L" zearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14." D  r; d6 v0 C- P3 L
The father denied taking any other medication. The4 j5 t" @  Q# w) L
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche* R; H1 h+ i6 H" H
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet& y) v7 x/ A1 N  F
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
* e. {; p6 P# z  y- Ycocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
$ u1 T9 s3 G0 ^; L7 t, ^, \* ?1 f3 Ntives. There were no siblings.$ F# m( ], h4 B# s: l7 p6 M) K
Physical Examination  \' B8 H9 Q9 h! q# H
The physical examination revealed a very active,6 b, q5 F* Y/ r2 @% H
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented/ L2 t- y( U# R+ K3 \* _
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was; y: f  p+ D. I" v3 w% z' O
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg9 C( p( x. E; D
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
9 B# d" Y+ Y6 ~; T" u( Y# Nvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
, K6 K$ S& I' e* I! k0 H  ]& fthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.1 C' p, \* G9 m& v
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for; r5 @; K; x; P0 t
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of: V  q4 n) B. _8 f
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well3 `$ P1 D& N3 \! {5 M4 N
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around) ]! D; S' t& F- @7 G6 a
5400 J$ \* d: Q$ V5 x7 ]
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 ?" F6 `9 O# x; v
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The8 C, r, }4 `2 S" B8 u( S
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
  t# N+ S; u+ _2 SThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
( Q4 F& Q; U( Y9 m  e9 Soily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no$ q8 L8 c6 A& N8 ~) D
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.+ G0 k+ J( T$ O) D( p6 j
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
! A* _" e  I% {bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
% x2 I) j4 c! C! F  Yof papilledema.
0 n" w6 {' {* B9 c2 |, y2 M2 ZLaboratory Evaluation
6 ]: b- P* s( j5 GThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
, V; A) Z, N# Iusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-2 i) a* W! m$ O3 f
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
' T6 X' [: o" w- X7 akaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
6 L. w+ l0 P" |2 Y& rshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-* z! t" q- e$ ^1 I6 r# c; U
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).0 k* Y2 \7 g: {0 F+ Q
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 ^# C+ v) `  @; i
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% _& v# b% j" @; {) q" j2 k, [# u0 X
within normal range for his age. The concentration- \9 |9 B- S% g+ I* g  O
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL8 x* @) T/ L5 k9 L- \- i
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20, C5 `1 _" M3 F0 l- ^% [& G
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
& |# u* F. [& g7 o( L' e1 z$ @/ _; w2 Rterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),( j, Q, z0 V+ m7 E7 X
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to* P6 f% k8 l! q' N
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)) v5 t% a6 t+ x5 s3 c( m
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-  w6 r7 P5 d1 }! b8 }0 H1 _% D
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
; s# S1 ]7 U! b% r& p# n! W% X, {testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),3 e$ j  _9 R8 d5 @- J
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
- i& @4 @& J* u0 Y5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular7 ]7 J" f* b0 k6 ?2 j, K
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone5 v" }* i4 |2 c- u3 e3 _& C* U
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL! E) J" Q* g% N- B& |; c7 ^
(prepubertal)." n7 a1 o/ ^0 i7 X; |# t
The parents were notified about the laboratory
3 a1 I$ t7 Y- D" S4 lresults and were informed that all of the tests were* u: o/ T& c8 s9 a
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
1 P; u0 E  X& O5 b+ }+ {follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
$ Q8 I; z  s9 e5 E( V; W" K" Jobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
# P5 q$ y& L1 z1 L7 Q! z+ @. never, the family did not return for 4 months.
0 x0 K& w3 L0 P5 N# a+ {0 H$ uPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
) X0 ~: g+ R4 B) wchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
5 v- A3 F5 {2 e  o) O( R1 \! n2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained. x* T; G4 ]$ |- {) E
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-9 [0 i& U' _* S. {/ P
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
; r0 ]7 h9 Y  _2 s3 x, z4 _the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 27 ~# W8 m- y/ c; k( X
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
4 P# C* Y; Y1 q, lThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
: ~& W9 b0 Z6 {ing frequent erections.! v* _. |% O1 |
Both parents were again questioned about use of
6 A* ]$ l1 C0 e4 uany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
% a# P) O  ^" |& b* gthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the1 w* `) D; f- K" s: ^$ c
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541' s: `6 m( H( _# {; F) ?3 G! w
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-: z1 R; r% ?, G, ?" F7 h6 j( X
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
1 y  E0 J+ X, y7 V8 [a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
; n- h# A0 l; ^to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
, A# H. ~# T3 i' S8 _scribed by his family physician for decreased libido  g* e3 Z/ ]+ k& E; c
secondary to depression.
5 h7 t& c  p7 l. Y2 pThe child slept in the same bed with parents.9 R6 T% F4 X+ V1 x/ {8 ^
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
4 R2 }% e' ^( \* I; U: d5 s7 K% w# tchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-( g$ n8 D5 [/ l; d. S
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
: O  [  x+ l! K$ l7 qThe father also admitted that after the phone call,6 u1 D# ]" v) }# I$ w
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
. E* S: ^8 {' t# Dwas high, he then read the product information6 b5 r. N8 R4 B' r  ?
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-* x( x6 L8 Q' Q, G, F! j
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they1 ]2 x" h9 z4 h! P
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the' B% X, S% i- W
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had! s( U* C/ N' `+ B! r# u8 P% R
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone$ n$ E$ ]+ {; y6 Z+ F
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
6 |0 W7 e2 v  W2 D9 ^laboratory to obtain the test.8 Y, O9 |# Y% |+ n: b
Discussion
, \: X3 X+ Y* v$ S! M' lPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary/ F2 m4 }& u$ }  {
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
2 ^' m# b) r8 d9 A! b* mPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when  E, e0 ~1 i5 [
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-2 n5 z# X+ D( t* i+ }. t
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
' A' O0 x4 ~2 Kmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP, @& ~. k7 [4 d# U
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
7 s$ b% S/ H, T% B& C) i3 ^4 Jresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
! `! f  T; d0 o" c% O3 Jamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
$ D$ U. B6 F) x0 T8 Xsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
" s0 y! a4 g- S* nboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
+ D7 |  Z9 H1 A- Lization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-8 ~/ _# Y8 O9 ~# F  W. v
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
% _  W, n5 t) l( @9 V2 k+ jgonadotropins.1,31 R9 K# Y; M' c6 X- B7 U4 a. ?) O% S/ [
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
$ i: H# t- N6 R+ v: ucious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
- a! w- f5 Y$ a8 ?% I$ m- @* Nandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or. W0 A! X9 p9 Z4 z$ F4 o& Z; K) I
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-( j0 O# x) Q* s7 v
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
) b3 f4 X! Z9 B- M; }  `4 {congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive: y! o% p- N1 N
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious' V; p: O; |" c$ i" r% F% ^
puberty in boys.3,44 I. v0 J3 H; s! m! O3 i( X6 W
The most common form of congenital adrenal
  d, A3 M( f( Q0 p3 u! f7 ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
. o, l" C- a  j* ZThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
* A5 B  p& d$ `# S9 Y7 qexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,/ `/ I* V1 D8 G- ?; }
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
' Z! d* }/ H/ P: oexcess.1,30 A) C& [9 ]: H: o* R  O; s
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 _1 r. N$ S# d) _' L3 R: r5 m542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20072 k) a' J( J4 f1 ^
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-9 s( r) v  X0 c8 o8 A; r/ u
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
2 L  n; h) n( s& \6 T" Ias testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
! [5 l, R7 ^& P5 ?very young age. The physical findings in these boys
6 W2 P6 @1 `# Mwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
% D* A' W6 _( Y4 |  sincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
/ |  f6 Z8 E; F+ Fwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
# O; t- {: k2 [7 D* q: U9 Jare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
8 A5 a  M; K6 ?1 ]5 X4 k5 Qpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
: h% E' ?/ K, f/ L1 ^releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked6 v/ P0 w$ p7 q3 y3 H2 P
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
. V5 d  Q* t8 V- U8 Umales; therefore, other male members of the family8 S9 P) T% ^. z0 v
may have similar precocious puberty.3
) b4 W$ \7 D1 v' ?In our patient, physical examination was incon-$ U: b. `1 M+ t$ J
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-% |9 D( d; {% D+ N' S1 g! S) O6 R
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis; H; I) X$ d: @* t& k" ]0 e% [8 a
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
) @. Y) S% {4 j' _2 {started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
& I0 c  D8 h: [$ M- I3 @testicular enlargement is not that evident in the5 S* V/ b/ h/ X6 h9 D7 A' U8 q
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-7 Y1 y4 r/ q' L+ B
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our8 O* M; E' ^! \: {  }
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,& Q, f5 M! ~* r% V8 i
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
: T& P( O% U3 L3 }0 Ddeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-% z" s5 E6 P' y( `6 F/ m
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
- o; K9 `% v. L" B! E" ]6 iThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly1 z3 u8 ]6 P/ o2 {% _5 A; {7 U
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because$ @3 G# ]5 U, g! G3 U# T0 u/ `, ]
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
, }$ @" G% U( ?' A) jpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
- u+ v+ c% f# C+ j- Sdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
- a6 Q! n. q) \3 Pterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was& z! j  n' v3 E: o5 Y
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
$ ]3 {/ w) A% w' ~Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
: }# L1 M) _# s; E! ?cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
, N- y7 H# @0 {9 R- zunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
' q; V" F. E: |* k7 U( `* lSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
9 {; j/ C3 N' R% J, cbaseline value in those females who were exposed to% O( o$ i1 U7 h6 d! Z2 _
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
- C( Q7 s# ?0 s, o+ X( n) Hpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
0 V  I, W5 q: ]tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
' h5 }. ^% J. L- J' ROur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,: Q7 J3 J) ^" O4 r, ^
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that' D! l8 J; U# J' ?6 B9 y  a2 J
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
7 O0 E4 z; P& l# U  o4 U5 I2 wterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more! ^9 C3 ~" N+ d2 F
active in young children exposed to testosterone
! V5 i3 m7 j! {6 j$ Texogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
+ j+ t2 o* ^# N# G6 L1 y" idrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
0 q. R5 C/ }% u1 R- n; }# }virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
! ?2 T% V) D! b  ?# u# i: Zchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and3 X2 I+ L: c3 \1 O' R
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
! O1 P. L1 }5 G( S. QThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
$ o+ }# ?3 A1 ?0 C* s7 fearly childhood on pubertal development and final
3 ^' N# R  q6 B0 a% ]9 }3 u6 nadult height are not fully known and always remain8 b/ y- }, x/ o$ O
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-0 j4 }# k. ~1 G- o. `
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some1 S: C8 i: o, l/ b1 W, q& q4 H
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after1 a- n0 h- P7 c8 k% N
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
( o6 W2 j+ o$ w. U* Ndecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,98 }1 z" o( w% P+ h1 q
There are conflicting reports and controversy
6 q8 O6 d% \$ ]over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult: [) k/ U* k9 r3 D) }+ {
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal+ w  p; J, k: q. `3 N
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
* L+ Q1 x9 }' e; J: v' s% nulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,* o. t; C! [$ e( t" P) J& A
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between( w. Y0 P9 K  }8 i, b
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult" e. m0 {: r0 ?6 M- X
penile length in clinical studies.5 r9 C) ]1 @" K, E, w+ b, r9 s2 G& J
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is3 M; n, g& p8 |1 S
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
0 j& l& p5 K: E# n$ A( ttestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
/ S/ f3 W$ O  @  @: {% dthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
7 c: a3 U1 t2 C, y" J. P; k3 k7 ], QAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
9 k0 U/ Q6 {4 H1 {5 t* Fdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
: @! k# R, u1 u3 h( Z1 P7 \the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
6 k/ N9 r* O6 jheight will not be affected.; H" z3 B5 [+ V; b: h7 g0 g
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
' _  b* g8 ^  T  z% {& yability of androgen products in our society may
+ p, h+ L$ |+ b: tindeed cause more virilization in male or female5 H  F( u" x0 x  W7 W; V
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-$ D; t$ l! B" u( u5 K+ X) {- l
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
, _; z  Q- r% H- g8 ], Btioning about the use of a testosterone product or3 n8 q! h9 S1 F; I2 ^. v8 ]
gel should be asked of the family members during
+ ?3 c& |& x! F% Tthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
. z3 ?  z/ d$ D3 |' [6 ]ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
6 @: _9 u9 L: }: Rnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
9 ^2 Z& ]& l% F! xappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
$ b0 B" b. m% @5 P" khistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
5 Y, p. Q3 j2 R, l2 l0 u) ?: O! xresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
8 \6 c6 V5 ~: T" ^  ainvestigation. The primary care physician should be
: {/ g$ y/ p0 w' Q+ b( Y. vaware of this fact, because most of these children
; _! R- [1 ~$ s+ `! P( qmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’7 [: A/ f7 |0 ?4 X; R8 j3 D
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a- \+ }( W$ W! e9 F+ {  G( H
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or" j- _4 O1 W7 E8 n
female child who might come in contact with some-
( K: V" Y8 \- R; V  C2 U- q6 Fone using any of these products.
( `. c) J" O6 T* H/ h' kReferences4 E, R7 u# G  S  T% v: v9 L+ K
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation9 w+ c& c3 `3 ^) D/ p+ Q5 `- W
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
, q7 w) P' r4 k* w2 |8 WEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
) u* @+ b3 I- A6 P2002: 565-628.  |% P* M5 c" x
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
) y8 m1 Y& {( H1 F$ u- s! _4 jpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old/ Y. I3 J% V2 p+ v2 W
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical, e/ H2 y* D4 T: ~0 s. S/ O
Exposure to Testosterone  W6 Z& c- D7 Q3 v4 j
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
/ }& g; e& L( Y- V( a( B; zand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
  |: _) n% W6 f: T; y+ @; PClinical Pediatrics
& ~5 Q4 i& F8 h& B' w& b/ CVolume 46 Number 6! j# s5 s& A: l5 R
July 2007 540-543- n% o5 c" Z& n7 x
© 2007 Sage Publications
# }1 h. [. d% m* o1 i3 @10.1177/0009922806296651! e* @) T; }2 S! u3 m
http://clp.sagepub.com
7 i' a% v- W) a3 C( Z* jhosted at& _1 i. k5 |* q
http://online.sagepub.com7 k! W$ j( L; n% x9 x! ^
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,/ h$ o& A& Z0 I3 A' n
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
  _$ C4 \& p& ]* o1 b1 jprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
5 m% L3 W" j' u0 x& A+ U; Fthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
4 D2 p; S4 a$ m* Y/ ?* `. La higher incidence of organic central nervous system
9 Z' i( @: {* ]- j: _/ dlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested! E4 N$ a& _  s7 ?' ?. A
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic+ f5 \# x" f& _7 D1 Q1 n8 `
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-8 G* x# I' n% ~% _& C+ D
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We9 P5 W% }7 b& u( Z
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
7 ~8 `! y$ t& N% ^5 denlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
1 W$ f$ g/ X8 p9 Kment without testicular enlargement, which was due
) J* ]8 Y! Q9 h9 Q+ E$ ito the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by( j( [8 ]0 K" ?5 ?1 V6 g: h: g
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-" s* `* E6 T6 o& d7 @0 ]7 `
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this& E' f9 l* H+ z+ w; f. C
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of! ~6 k  f. y* N( w  l$ Z
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
, J) l% H- k6 T! ]bly more common than the rare case report in the: ~' H& [9 d/ u
literature.4
( @9 R! B  u/ h1 I3 F7 CPatient Report4 h. l1 C7 Q  r+ r
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
( L" J6 L- r- \$ f. y" k* @" l& Kendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern4 r: M3 J+ J8 s' M
of early sexual development. His mother noticed# \$ v5 S! x; P. N
light colored pubic hair development when he was  T0 j5 g" j) E: F# l
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of/ ]$ r8 k. K3 `/ _
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.; Q% v" M+ v% Q9 @4 O' I
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,5 M! r% n& M! n! b7 v( o$ P; d
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
8 z6 D1 w4 f; ?5 N+ H+ [$ p  ~Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
6 _! K+ J! g" Ie-mail: [email protected].
  I7 k2 H, L% ~& F+ A3 ?about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
6 b! q5 L9 q8 \/ Wdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
; {/ A5 h/ a. }3 Pment of his penis and frequent erections. The child: F% j" [' O8 U: L7 P  J
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
$ T+ r3 ?4 g* _' v$ R$ W# E" }a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
/ U1 Z4 l3 s$ J' Q+ T) Z& V20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year2 i) ]8 ~. S0 t: v5 y( E, @# k
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with5 R" ?- [! f# k4 q, G0 D; o9 [
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
+ T- `0 n; x6 \7 j$ Y2 r. pand his psychosocial and psychomotor development" U$ v( p0 _% U! X8 y# `
was age appropriate.
$ j+ A' b5 E4 LThe family history was remarkable for the father,3 v: _7 t/ K  L. L  ^" \, B
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,+ j. A1 q9 h( Y( a: h
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
) ~3 b# ]/ P' L7 i! M% h! wheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
( f) u$ g% X  d3 R6 @) y, Zearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.6 l! ~- m- @/ n0 |. y% t4 f
The father denied taking any other medication. The
! z4 s# `9 _( {$ Schild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche& b$ `8 n2 r) Q2 Q( @9 l
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet0 q4 i8 J9 g- G5 e
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
1 `+ J' c/ R& p. a) c1 Y; l, F1 dcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-" ~2 z; U( ?6 w" T0 W+ n$ o2 l
tives. There were no siblings.
/ J8 e$ s4 l1 S5 T  M* K3 aPhysical Examination
: H* h+ _0 C! I* n' SThe physical examination revealed a very active,# W' D6 m& h4 q" f
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
: E( [  U# Z, w; n: p( h7 E6 N8 G. t8 Ra blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was+ o7 x9 _* ]- T
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg: h: @- u* m% L( k( U7 U
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
, V0 X/ l6 R. H* vvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
. h5 B5 Q; C4 P& u' A3 qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.$ A3 A2 M* e( F! c
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for; g9 [" F. @7 g/ F; {  u# M& ^
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of$ F  K1 D, H3 }
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well5 e+ Z4 v9 e8 Y- P, N6 [& }; D* w
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around- V$ D7 K' z- o' I+ c: U3 y. K" Y: j
540
' S2 P& c: a8 e7 ]$ ^at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
0 u$ e3 s* K% T" U& M% jthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The+ b4 L4 c0 V' L- o5 p* D0 t3 @
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.! |' l9 I) O3 M! u+ w% F
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
  S3 n, b' R1 r  p  T( t5 r4 Ooily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no& o  L2 R  Y0 i, O
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
7 P6 G( H, |, L' w% Y9 Y6 MNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+7 `& p8 p8 ^7 d
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion: x6 [; Y9 c" D9 n$ t
of papilledema.4 X, m& x$ F2 s
Laboratory Evaluation! ]& D0 ~. P" G6 b" m" B
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by4 |% i7 t: q$ W: p* s: j" ^& B- ^
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-# {& _; y/ c0 r8 z2 x3 H9 O
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
# j: H' D  M- Y6 Skaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test+ ?7 X' |" v! @: F
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-* y4 P6 G" h6 [: H7 H! k: A
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).; a) g5 I$ G; {% A; T6 D
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
; V$ @/ c; C6 j# |- w2 n1 Surea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were! w" q" s/ M) M7 a
within normal range for his age. The concentration* _! ~  B9 {; u& f9 ?
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL! h  e! M4 C2 `3 P4 A
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
: z1 z! E: I9 }% L4 h3 A/ sng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-( k# G- |$ y2 O6 F$ I! H
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),3 ?( I: {, m  S0 l. \$ f  b; u9 C
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
& ~) {2 S8 ^! u49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
. A9 |2 g% v  H& d- R1 S! nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
. k) c) E$ W& [tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
- x! W% Z0 Q/ ?9 _7 {testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),! v2 Q- P, }1 \' e
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than& P( ]! g" m  c
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular" L7 \1 O7 |# z2 _, D& F( z
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone2 z8 C4 J% `, b; W* ?! S
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
+ k" v" n( G- r+ M" J. t1 t(prepubertal).! X1 {+ L! Y/ [- o) a' P+ Q0 F
The parents were notified about the laboratory
- d7 D# i1 P; C! q/ n* Wresults and were informed that all of the tests were7 i$ M: ^- m( {% t2 j: P& E/ v
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
$ ^1 e+ k) j3 E/ f( W) ?follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to) c% ~' L, e# o1 f: S$ O& O+ {* S
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
) r) N& K8 z$ }ever, the family did not return for 4 months.4 @) r; u* k6 o
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
1 F! R4 E# |5 }# v8 l* Tchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
2 r# j% ~. d/ \2 v  k$ W" N2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained( N+ P# K6 g( v- z% x' X
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
$ r4 {3 |/ ]5 I+ H! I& B7 }, ppletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at0 n4 e% b) A1 \  i% ]' h
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
, U6 D! F. [5 ^mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
3 \+ h. q. \+ t5 P0 C" V) AThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-, f5 F/ I- }/ ^5 W
ing frequent erections.
; b6 u# h3 W! w, sBoth parents were again questioned about use of. v& Q' W; ?3 k' m4 x
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to' h# m2 }. w, _5 ~- S) z
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
* |2 p( A. Z0 n, J& J7 JTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. V( ~' W9 g# z4 H
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-; [) j9 a7 \9 N3 r6 x% [, S( v
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
9 v2 \' N* W. r8 l7 G6 L2 j3 oa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed7 L3 ]/ H" z8 a) s
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
$ {2 `5 ]& V7 W4 zscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
+ {5 E" W* g2 e! H5 i4 G4 g  O1 Isecondary to depression.% P8 Q5 a- r  f2 d8 H
The child slept in the same bed with parents.2 p7 Q9 [7 v% H8 o( Q
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
$ b% [% }2 J8 C- Q0 Nchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-$ H6 ~: N% i( {
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
1 u5 j8 B/ }" H& u' A& V# ^The father also admitted that after the phone call,
* T. Y' w; A3 p8 A+ kwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby4 E- ^7 _: V, C5 z! _
was high, he then read the product information% B  _% s# b1 K8 ^/ C
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
4 _; U8 r0 |2 q* Kson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they1 Z& I* h, r$ \! L; i8 k
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the3 n0 x( @$ m$ Y3 n- L
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had; d8 K2 O; d9 f! J; ]4 _6 x) f" p
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone. y3 }$ \2 \6 ]3 h! K* l' F: U
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
2 ]/ f3 M. ?0 |- v0 i7 e) Dlaboratory to obtain the test.6 ?. |: V, \5 [# J# `
Discussion9 P, V% [, g3 t# E7 z
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary0 k1 F1 a- n: D# |5 d: D
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4* J* p1 ~6 b- a& Z4 C- M1 O$ n
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when) y3 K  i0 A( K
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-2 g: o3 a1 a7 g# K4 b
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-/ V1 z" ]# \5 @% J
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP) {0 I# s9 d; u( ~' {! Q/ ^
may have a central nervous system lesion that is1 u( c! ]- D* @
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-8 j  U; w" N/ N8 d2 V
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
" d. k) U: g& w4 G+ N2 Vsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
% K) w- M4 a; B' f& Oboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
, q2 {& P+ _. Hization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
; l1 j) ^- e, K8 @& H: irical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by3 K  C: H3 r; f; u5 t- N2 V! ?+ j/ \
gonadotropins.1,3
) Y, r/ _: J0 Z7 UGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-0 F$ g, X' o) @% `# Q& z
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
5 p( S) N7 D* g7 t1 m  a. {) Nandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
5 c5 J3 H- m# w, a& d; q1 H1 ~# hexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-) w! c( n  I) i2 P
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing4 t3 m3 ^. s$ [! M2 }4 X4 |  J
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive5 U1 X5 w& W% Z7 A* h3 s
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious) H, |$ I& o9 D* n1 z2 ~( F
puberty in boys.3,49 G7 n+ c+ n  G6 |- B9 Q
The most common form of congenital adrenal) t2 D: N; V% Z# P, E% K2 n4 n
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.* Q! \# e+ ^% \1 t0 S
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in' F% M# @* a/ C1 F3 I: }' N, S9 }
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
) I! w: ~$ e2 ^, z& Z) S- gan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen( p, [# K7 }6 l/ b' m, j2 W
excess.1,3
+ [/ @4 d3 p. i% z9 @5 @at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from1 W' Z/ d# l2 H; q8 P
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20073 ~) Z) |8 l( U
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
) s6 R+ G4 U. Z3 zindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
5 m; e8 o. N: I! X& \% h5 Ias testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a7 D) ^' w( l6 k
very young age. The physical findings in these boys3 _3 m$ w! e* ~
with this disorder are full pubertal development,9 _/ H$ e+ `8 K7 ?$ |- ?2 `) V2 ]
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys9 w2 Y& {: C7 E% D: J. J
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder" w/ t) n$ B/ }; y6 {+ |
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show3 {5 p9 y5 h# S. F" C7 V
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
: f" @2 @! O: creleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked9 }- b7 `8 |/ N8 h% B6 l
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
% B7 J9 \. R! n9 V& _9 o2 [males; therefore, other male members of the family9 M: r% N: ?8 E) @/ _
may have similar precocious puberty.3  d( Q- B/ x% Z' F4 |! n
In our patient, physical examination was incon-  \; Y2 V0 l  d$ H& |: F9 Q
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-+ s' _) _8 o: x
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis1 o  Y9 ?! E# z, J$ O0 V
was in the differential diagnosis because his father0 I6 }9 d- p8 C' h
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,, w" A8 w$ ^. F' X+ G/ e
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the! S! [9 g, z7 f6 q8 k# V# U' d0 T
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-2 Y' f- J  |: m" v- }
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our2 o1 ^# g; _  q4 D  X0 y( ^
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,, |7 M! J5 m* F' L# g& B
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase# q5 R" f7 s; ]" P4 M' V+ q
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-0 E+ N! h( s; t, `' ]' Q
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
' j/ R# F% B+ D  \0 j5 xThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly; o3 Z' F* ]9 Z% q( W  r
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because& @" l( {; B' I. S- Z
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
% N0 ^# {- U  }- ~$ qpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and8 X! j; C3 W" d# y
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-0 u% s0 V: F4 H7 t) F$ K
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was0 N7 H! h' g: O, q
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’" }/ U# `8 R' Q0 i( ?: h0 K1 `
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or( q% w) h3 }- y& A6 b
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to1 ]3 B% f, i1 e- W' g
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
# t3 X+ |- K5 G! F6 c( C5 XSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the! t9 F3 V# X/ \* T$ m
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
, c1 c# o. I  C7 x- e8 A+ Veven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male: s# }; I4 o. d9 n3 y8 [
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
. Q( b6 X$ x, D: i) t  z3 Mtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.7 V" p" a* Z, U
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,  h* _$ E" o+ [3 ~; l% P
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
$ }+ d# X& a8 q  x1 U& Mdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-, B& ~! B1 A. v( N/ O+ n9 g% W: C
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
0 R/ d* m4 M# {4 hactive in young children exposed to testosterone0 _1 U9 }+ k, C# M
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-) n) r! k( z8 M# g% r/ G
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to  R* z2 E- A% Z
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in* G$ F0 |& C( Y& u% u: U! R7 R+ U
children results in an increase in growth velocity and5 R( n7 Z- i1 k/ G$ H5 J! N
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.+ z: L6 P& X9 e+ a
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
. a# T& B) h  u6 U" i4 n$ }2 Learly childhood on pubertal development and final( n- @9 N9 Q* i6 D  h
adult height are not fully known and always remain
: ~% ~# {  [1 [1 i/ {8 I* c8 J0 e) Ta concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
: R5 ?( m0 C4 D5 Xterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some' D' b, `; M9 G) W' S* n3 B' R
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after, K% @) D& U+ _( K% U
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
4 {& p: }+ \" g* ]! Mdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,92 p4 b9 i" W$ `6 z5 D& `3 T
There are conflicting reports and controversy
* r' U+ K5 U$ \9 L* {: k  vover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult" o- C, U2 J, J: u' Q& l' [
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
5 ~; T! o; u# v4 m; |adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
& q' |; P& w5 m% W0 A3 f- }ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,, q# Z0 M/ b) v3 H; m. `
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between# I) S: K/ j3 {. s- r1 W+ F- v
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
" k2 n- H4 r  M" P7 T' f# npenile length in clinical studies.7 T3 I) A. l, C, a9 ]! j; q: c
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is# r6 M" o4 O. g
going to experience any of the untoward effects from6 v% x' F) g7 D/ u. Z* s
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
+ _5 [- [& n1 |' _the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.' {9 Q0 X: r$ o5 ]
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
5 E; G3 e' R" |) `; bdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
% u+ \3 F/ F* f1 V$ l4 n+ l7 mthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
; ^. L% W6 K3 V5 r4 l! {5 ^9 Hheight will not be affected.
7 V$ Y2 o6 j+ Y4 H/ ?Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-5 T! g. m' \. k# a1 D' n6 H( F
ability of androgen products in our society may
0 y9 X0 M4 C3 T' T$ H2 Aindeed cause more virilization in male or female3 ]" z7 A$ H5 f! t; G% b
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-6 \, n. D# T8 W! [
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
, k1 N& ]3 q" p6 }tioning about the use of a testosterone product or0 \- Y6 T$ |! ~9 N
gel should be asked of the family members during
( j. A" p# u" a; W; K+ Pthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
, `  ]9 Z' a5 s! R5 z- y+ ailization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
* _( }4 G1 N. |nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
6 A& j/ v* F; c0 L/ ^appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
! h% E1 u1 `, P: E; j; t0 W7 d. Rhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
* l7 Q# o- h1 p1 S' `; C3 @) ~result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive; h- r# L9 ]9 ^" B% `+ T9 q* h
investigation. The primary care physician should be
" D  H; @8 Z  L" ]# J+ iaware of this fact, because most of these children
; D. }6 p( g& K7 M5 F' _; umay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
  I* z( f3 r0 nDesk Reference and package insert should also put a% T& W5 {9 a. I5 O1 |6 l
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
, w% b! t3 C1 O9 L8 d6 Y5 ?female child who might come in contact with some-5 ^6 h9 d1 b6 |) }( [6 r  M
one using any of these products.
$ a. x/ e* D" B5 @- V/ U, |2 d2 m: Z# zReferences0 I* o4 Y3 R5 Y
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation( E$ E( T3 V# ?4 P1 C
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
' \+ X( x: a% x, R- QEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
) v+ M. P0 ~& T4 A0 M2002: 565-628.
7 R4 m& Y- l1 R2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
0 o2 j/ l  T, A/ t) W0 J0 \& fpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
& L; H; i* l2 ~0 w4 k+ `( V5 {; E
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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