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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old3 U! h3 n8 x: F2 P# p3 y5 m+ q
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
3 \6 h: P5 J: \Exposure to Testosterone# O6 r3 P) V7 j7 m
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
. d- {" J9 q. {* ?3 yand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD13 F6 {# t5 J1 V) I1 g/ k
Clinical Pediatrics
K5 ^: `& C; W5 IVolume 46 Number 6$ y* E/ ]6 C$ D: i7 F( I
July 2007 540-543
% S2 G/ ?2 N% _$ h; `© 2007 Sage Publications1 W+ k+ e6 r h% X9 o+ s7 E. W
10.1177/0009922806296651- I4 [+ y: s7 P0 I
http://clp.sagepub.com
. O# j5 e1 E; c+ h! P: a& L7 ohosted at2 r; {9 t4 G- m
http://online.sagepub.com
% a" Q# }0 c9 a0 ~$ I7 JPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
. s. ]. ]+ {& j# {, d Nis a significant concern for physicians. Central
" S7 y g [& s, F: Y( H7 eprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated% h) t, h* z5 B& C, h
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 W. f, N8 R, t/ ~7 c9 ta higher incidence of organic central nervous system- x1 b6 F) h9 C$ U2 d
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
& [ B# R0 g% E) s" \by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
0 L: ?' \7 A; w: x! h, H- nhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
) c/ O1 j. n2 @cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We3 s0 x- S! Q |2 t2 l
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
' p2 E0 P! B4 n9 k- u" {2 w' t d- venlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
, X6 t. k% b; d, }3 X3 kment without testicular enlargement, which was due
$ o; \8 F1 ^ i& H6 ~- k5 Qto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
( @9 u) X" d5 u/ V |- athe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
& T4 \" M; B( A& K8 [" smation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this M1 M6 {) a5 {! ?. |
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
C# v$ r, H0 q. k, xtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-) E0 x. z/ X; B4 L$ L/ l
bly more common than the rare case report in the$ A @+ x- | e! o
literature.4: y% r6 X3 z; R) L n9 ]
Patient Report
( U/ I, V. O2 g& e7 |9 bA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
) O: n7 ]; N' v: e0 _endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern: J/ z0 v+ q/ V0 E
of early sexual development. His mother noticed+ J0 I5 B; c, w- g
light colored pubic hair development when he was
7 O2 y8 U0 P5 q; u9 R1 yFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
7 Z' E, G# @3 ~1 v7 ~6 k! XSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama." n# g/ y/ ~9 }7 y! C' h! Z9 l
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
4 S+ ^$ y' @! Q3 q" Y# cProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
. }$ u- W5 ^ T, {0 m4 e+ vMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;$ B1 T% F7 J/ v) @* s
e-mail: [email protected].
$ V6 n2 a2 y5 n* O* t5 babout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became5 U& `/ }3 ?: u5 @; ]) k0 L) k( S
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-, e i3 K: N! }; K. L8 N5 z O$ W& g
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
. I" b. O* k2 @" f" Mwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with$ L9 [. i0 h2 t. s8 S" K
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of5 }2 B! L, m* B% k0 e+ o
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year/ ~) p* R% s: }$ E G [
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with" s1 K; G) a% s) Y0 j5 K: `2 `" u
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,, {, Y% s' a! I; c$ L- r
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
8 D) v) A& Q% u& bwas age appropriate.1 R' n* ~3 o5 s& p( a! T
The family history was remarkable for the father,
! Q+ Y$ z# j2 S# C& \who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
}0 `, h) v: Swhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
- j/ ?* S& w# Zheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
C! h/ [5 W# s( L" zearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14." D r; d6 v0 C- P3 L
The father denied taking any other medication. The4 j5 t" @ Q# w) L
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche* R; H1 h+ i6 H" H
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet& y) v7 x/ A1 N F
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
* e. {; p6 P# z y- Ycocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
$ u1 T9 s3 G0 ^; L7 t, ^, \* ?1 f3 Ntives. There were no siblings.$ F# m( ], h4 B# s: l7 p6 M) K
Physical Examination \' B8 H9 Q9 h! q# H
The physical examination revealed a very active,6 b, q5 F* Y/ r2 @% H
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented/ L2 t- y( U# R+ K3 \* _
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was; y: f p+ D. I" v3 w% z' O
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg9 C( p( x. E; D
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
9 B# d" Y+ Y6 ~; T" u( Y# Nvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
, K6 K$ S& I' e* I! k0 H ]& fthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.1 C' p, \* G9 m& v
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for; r5 @; K; x; P0 t
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of: V q4 n) B. _8 f
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well3 `$ P1 D& N3 \! {5 M4 N
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around) ]! D; S' t& F- @7 G6 a
5400 J$ \* d: Q$ V5 x7 ]
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 ?" F6 `9 O# x; v
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The8 C, r, }4 `2 S" B8 u( S
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
t# N+ S; u+ _2 SThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
( Q4 F& Q; U( Y9 m e9 Soily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no$ q8 L8 c6 A& N8 ~) D
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.+ G0 k+ J( T$ O) D( p6 j
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
! A* _" e I% {bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
% x2 I) j4 c! C! F Yof papilledema.
0 n" w6 {' {* B9 c2 |, y2 M2 ZLaboratory Evaluation
6 ]: b- P* s( j5 GThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
, V; A) Z, N# Iusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-2 i) a* W! m$ O3 f
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
' T6 X' [: o" w- X7 akaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
6 L. w+ l0 P" |2 Y& rshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-* z! t" q- e$ ^1 I6 r# c; U
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).0 k* Y2 \7 g: {0 F+ Q
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 ^# C+ v) ` @; i
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% _& v# b% j" @; {) q" j2 k, [# u0 X
within normal range for his age. The concentration- \9 |9 B- S% g+ I* g O
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL8 x* @) T/ L5 k9 L- \- i
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20, C5 `1 _" M3 F0 l- ^% [& G
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
& |# u* F. [& g7 o( L' e1 z$ @/ _; w2 Rterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),( j, Q, z0 V+ m7 E7 X
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to* P6 f% k8 l! q' N
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)) v5 t% a6 t+ x5 s3 c( m
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor- w6 r7 P5 d1 }! b8 }0 H1 _% D
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
; s# S1 ]7 U! b% r& p# n! W% X, {testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),3 e$ j _9 R8 d5 @- J
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
- i& @4 @& J* u0 Y5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular7 ]7 J" f* b0 k6 ?2 j, K
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone5 v" }* i4 |2 c- u3 e3 _& C* U
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL! E) J" Q* g% N- B& |; c7 ^
(prepubertal)." n7 a1 o/ ^0 i7 X; |# t
The parents were notified about the laboratory
3 a1 I$ t7 Y- D" S4 lresults and were informed that all of the tests were* u: o/ T& c8 s9 a
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
1 P; u0 E X& O5 b+ }+ {follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
$ Q8 I; z s9 e5 E( V; W" K" Jobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
# P5 q$ y& L1 z1 L7 Q! z+ @. never, the family did not return for 4 months.
0 x0 K& w3 L0 P5 N# a+ {0 H$ uPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
) X0 ~: g+ R4 B) wchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
5 v- A3 F5 {2 e o) O( R1 \! n2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained. x* T; G4 ]$ |- {) E
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-9 [0 i& U' _* S. {/ P
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
; r0 ]7 h9 Y _2 s3 x, z4 _the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 27 ~# W8 m- y/ c; k( X
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
4 P# C* Y; Y1 q, lThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
: ~& W9 b0 Z6 {ing frequent erections.! v* _. |% O1 |
Both parents were again questioned about use of
6 A* ]$ l1 C0 e4 uany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
% a# P) O ^" |& b* gthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the1 w* `) D; f- K" s: ^$ c
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541' s: `6 m( H( _# {; F) ?3 G! w
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-: z1 R; r% ?, G, ?" F7 h6 j( X
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
1 y E0 J+ X, y7 V8 [a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
; n- h# A0 l; ^to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
, A# H. ~# T3 i' S8 _scribed by his family physician for decreased libido g* e3 Z/ ]+ k& E; c
secondary to depression.
5 h7 t& c p7 l. Y2 pThe child slept in the same bed with parents.9 R6 T% F4 X+ V1 x/ {8 ^
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
4 R2 }% e' ^( \* I; U: d5 s7 K% w# tchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-( g$ n8 D5 [/ l; d. S
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
: O [ x+ l! K$ l7 qThe father also admitted that after the phone call,6 u1 D# ]" v) }# I$ w
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
. E* S: ^8 {' t# Dwas high, he then read the product information6 b5 r. N8 R4 B' r ?
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-* x( x6 L8 Q' Q, G, F! j
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they1 ]2 x" h9 z4 h! P
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the' B% X, S% i- W
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had! s( U* C/ N' `+ B! r# u8 P% R
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone$ n$ E$ ]+ {; y6 Z+ F
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
6 |0 W7 e2 v W2 D9 ^laboratory to obtain the test.8 Y, O9 |# Y% |+ n: b
Discussion
, \: X3 X+ Y* v$ S! M' lPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary/ F2 m4 }& u$ } {
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
2 ^' m# b) r8 d9 A! b* mPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when E, e0 ~1 i5 [
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-2 n5 z# X+ D( t* i+ }. t
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
' A' O0 x4 ~2 Kmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP, @& ~. k7 [4 d# U
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
7 s$ b% S/ H, T% B& C) i3 ^4 Jresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
! `! f T; d0 o" c% O3 Jamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
$ D$ U. B6 F) x0 T8 Xsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
" s0 y! a4 g- S* nboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
+ D7 | Z9 H1 A- Lization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-8 ~/ _# Y8 O9 ~# F W. v
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
% _ W, n5 t) l( @9 V2 k+ jgonadotropins.1,31 R9 K# Y; M' c6 X- B7 U4 a. ?) O% S/ [
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
$ i: H# t- N6 R+ v: ucious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
- a! w- f5 Y$ a8 ?% I$ m- @* Nandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or. W0 A! X9 p9 Z4 z$ F4 o& Z; K) I
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-( j0 O# x) Q* s7 v
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
) b3 f4 X! Z9 B- M; } `4 {congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive: y! o% p- N1 N
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious' V; p: O; |" c$ i" r% F% ^
puberty in boys.3,44 I. v0 J3 H; s! m! O3 i( X6 W
The most common form of congenital adrenal
d, A3 M( f( Q0 p3 u! f7 ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
. o, l" C- a j* ZThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
* A5 B p& d$ `# S9 Y7 qexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,/ `/ I* V1 D8 G- ?; }
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
' Z! d* }/ H/ P: oexcess.1,30 A) C& [9 ]: H: o* R O; s
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 _1 r. N$ S# d) _' L3 R: r5 m542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20072 k) a' J( J4 f1 ^
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-9 s( r) v X0 c8 o8 A; r/ u
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
2 L n; h) n( s& \6 T" Ias testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
! [5 l, R7 ^& P5 ?very young age. The physical findings in these boys
6 W2 P6 @1 `# Mwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
% D* A' W6 _( Y4 | sincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
/ | f6 Z8 E; F+ Fwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
# O; t- {: k2 [7 D* q: U9 Jare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
8 A5 a M; K6 ?1 ]5 X4 k5 Qpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
: h% E' ?/ K, f/ L1 ^releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked6 v/ P0 w$ p7 q3 y3 H2 P
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
. V5 d Q* t8 V- U8 Umales; therefore, other male members of the family8 S9 P) T% ^. z0 v
may have similar precocious puberty.3
) b4 W$ \7 D1 v' ?In our patient, physical examination was incon-$ U: b. `1 M+ t$ J
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-% |9 D( d; {% D+ N' S1 g! S) O6 R
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis; H; I) X$ d: @* t& k" ]0 e% [8 a
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
) @. Y) S% {4 j' _2 {started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
& I0 c D8 h: [$ M- I3 @testicular enlargement is not that evident in the5 S* V/ b/ h/ X6 h9 D7 A' U8 q
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-7 Y1 y4 r/ q' L+ B
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our8 O* M; E' ^! \: { }
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,& Q, f5 M! ~* r% V8 i
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
: T& P( O% U3 L3 }0 Ddeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-% z" s5 E6 P' y( `6 F/ m
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
- o; K9 `% v. L" B! E" ]6 iThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly1 z3 u8 ]6 P/ o2 {% _5 A; {7 U
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because$ @3 G# ]5 U, g! G3 U# T0 u/ `, ]
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
, }$ @" G% U( ?' A) jpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
- u+ v+ c% f# C+ j- Sdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
- a6 Q! n. q) \3 Pterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was& z! j n' v3 E: o5 Y
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
$ ]3 {/ w) A% w' ~Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
: }# L1 M) _# s; E! ?cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
, N- y7 H# @0 {9 R- zunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
' q; V" F. E: |* k7 U( `* lSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
9 {; j/ C3 N' R% J, cbaseline value in those females who were exposed to% O( o$ i1 U7 h6 d! Z2 _
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
- C( Q7 s# ?0 s, o+ X( n) Hpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
0 V I, W5 q: ]tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
' h5 }. ^% J. L- J' ROur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,: Q7 J3 J) ^" O4 r, ^
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that' D! l8 J; U# J' ?6 B9 y a2 J
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
7 O0 E4 z; P& l# U o4 U5 I2 wterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more! ^9 C3 ~" N+ d2 F
active in young children exposed to testosterone
! V5 i3 m7 j! {6 j$ Texogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
+ j+ t2 o* ^# N# G6 L1 y" idrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
0 q. R5 C/ }% u1 R- n; }# }virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
! ?2 T% V) D! b ?# u# i: Zchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and3 X2 I+ L: c3 \1 O' R
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
! O1 P. L1 }5 G( S. QThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
$ o+ }# ?3 A1 ?0 C* s7 fearly childhood on pubertal development and final
3 ^' N# R q6 B0 a% ]9 }3 u6 nadult height are not fully known and always remain8 b/ y- }, x/ o$ O
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-0 j4 }# k. ~1 G- o. `
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some1 S: C8 i: o, l/ b1 W, q& q4 H
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after1 a- n0 h- P7 c8 k% N
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
( o6 W2 j+ o$ w. U* Ndecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,98 }1 z" o( w% P+ h1 q
There are conflicting reports and controversy
6 q8 O6 d% \$ ]over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult: [) k/ U* k9 r3 D) }+ {
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal+ w p; J, k: q. `3 N
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
* L+ Q1 x9 }' e; J: v' s% nulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,* o. t; C! [$ e( t" P) J& A
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between( w. Y0 P9 K }8 i, b
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult" e. m0 {: r0 ?6 M- X
penile length in clinical studies.5 r9 C) ]1 @" K, E, w+ b, r9 s2 G& J
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is3 M; n, g& p8 |1 S
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
0 j& l& p5 K: E# n$ A( ttestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
/ S/ f3 W$ O @ @: {% dthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
7 c: a3 U1 t2 C, y" J. P; k3 k7 ], QAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
9 k0 U/ Q6 {4 H1 {5 t* Fdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
: @! k# R, u1 u3 h( Z1 P7 \the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
6 k/ N9 r* O6 jheight will not be affected.; H" z3 B5 [+ V; b: h7 g0 g
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
' _ b* g8 ^ T z% {& yability of androgen products in our society may
+ p, h+ L$ |+ b: tindeed cause more virilization in male or female5 H F( u" x0 x W7 W; V
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-$ D; t$ l! B" u( u5 K+ X) {- l
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
, _; z Q- r% H- g8 ], Btioning about the use of a testosterone product or3 n8 q! h9 S1 F; I2 ^. v8 ]
gel should be asked of the family members during
+ ?3 c& |& x! F% Tthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
. z3 ? z/ d$ D3 |' [6 ]ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
6 @: _9 u9 L: }: Rnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
9 ^2 Z& ]& l% F! xappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
$ b0 B" b. m% @5 P" khistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
5 Y, p. Q3 j2 R, l2 l0 u) ?: O! xresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
8 \6 c6 V5 ~: T" ^ ainvestigation. The primary care physician should be
: {/ g$ y/ p0 w' Q+ b( Y. vaware of this fact, because most of these children
; _! R- [1 ~$ s+ `! P( qmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’7 [: A/ f7 |0 ?4 X; R8 j3 D
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a- \+ }( W$ W! e9 F+ { G( H
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or" j- _4 O1 W7 E8 n
female child who might come in contact with some-
( K: V" Y8 \- R; V C2 U- q6 Fone using any of these products.
( `. c) J" O6 T* H/ h' kReferences4 E, R7 u# G S T% v: v9 L+ K
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation9 w+ c& c3 `3 ^) D/ p+ Q5 `- W
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
, q7 w) P' r4 k* w2 |8 WEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
) u* @+ b3 I- A6 P2002: 565-628. |% P* M5 c" x
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
) y8 m1 Y& {( H1 F$ u- s! _4 jpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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