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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
3 h, D. r! k) A. |+ E# F) OBoy Induced by Indirect Topical" }7 j2 V3 ]" X8 I
Exposure to Testosterone! }, h) T4 q, ^9 [, g, e, \
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
1 X3 _& _9 A3 s: Sand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD13 V/ I* _/ E- L9 O5 K3 F
Clinical Pediatrics
! ]$ D% V; u$ ^- KVolume 46 Number 6
m y: K: E3 O& M pJuly 2007 540-5439 c: C0 L- |5 M. ?
© 2007 Sage Publications" f" Q4 P, z" b c" Q' q. ~8 J
10.1177/0009922806296651( {! _- I* P& `7 x/ _5 O0 |
http://clp.sagepub.com
_$ Z# g V. Y& B+ T# }hosted at
6 M# ]: N3 H) }2 T, Whttp://online.sagepub.com) X: h0 ~/ d! z/ |2 A8 [: K
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,8 x! ?/ \8 p9 l+ a& h7 b
is a significant concern for physicians. Central/ i& @) ~ T; ^1 S$ E
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated# P( x0 {* a* K. z) ^2 y8 Y
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has/ O8 d" p% r8 H5 L' ~
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
X- }" G* d( w- g Q9 f5 \lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
" o( b' d1 A" \+ I2 Gby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic6 z% H `/ w/ R
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
5 V; C) z9 J* Ncles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
9 |8 |* |4 B6 Areport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
% p2 n6 K* Y v7 r4 b9 [5 jenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-# R8 G, ^- b# J# T+ J% d
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
6 |6 p# z1 V, f& Cto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by" z! l0 v9 v; U( X
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
, D# X' S% f# M7 l3 I; lmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 L- ~, |9 w+ g* I" ]/ f$ gchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
4 g. T9 O+ N( t6 l' ~% _* N$ Wtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
' U3 n1 ]: _0 Q- m. ^" z# ?bly more common than the rare case report in the; | A& P$ Q& m7 W
literature.4: y6 [- n& M2 p3 E, A) r( y8 l8 h
Patient Report
* v5 {5 E( v( F) bA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
& ^1 @1 r, e) n; \endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern$ H [4 o+ Y' S9 X4 e- ^" P3 ^
of early sexual development. His mother noticed7 C$ f# \5 u* R6 j
light colored pubic hair development when he was
% s2 d4 V) Q2 C# b7 pFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of7 o ^" _; m3 m* I; [
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
* m& ^ m! {5 V uAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
# v* M9 B' p4 I9 _0 TProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
+ c; E( B8 i+ g7 rMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
7 V' g# ^' c$ Ae-mail: [email protected].
* N/ m* k. a. babout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became4 P2 F T1 r- q- o
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-, o! B+ `, G2 v; c6 K( @# ~
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child. Q7 C6 a0 c- A3 d' X
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
/ U! j3 k" z- A& L# S! J4 l pa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
8 n* i4 B$ M5 d2 U20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year: Z9 F% z4 j" F2 |2 n, V
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
4 w1 X Y, j* d; ~$ o- ssolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,9 g4 E# L! y( n0 C
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" W! Y: M3 f" r' z. swas age appropriate.
1 X, O) L |. {8 HThe family history was remarkable for the father,! j/ p" U1 c5 e0 P# M* g. t
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
8 m9 H" z4 G# V$ X2 `! cwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
2 X4 h n/ d& F. ?* r1 Kheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
6 d0 a, {- c9 n; a4 ?6 ?' qearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.; O" Z w |' u: L5 C, X6 K/ z
The father denied taking any other medication. The; R& w. T) K+ `; X
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
# [2 N6 H$ _3 }9 r/ dwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet' b4 y5 V: l D0 \$ j5 `
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-. l3 t$ [/ V% [8 V
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-2 _5 U' _1 z+ S/ k. r; {% U7 c- R O6 l
tives. There were no siblings.- E( Y6 _' ] _- V9 [4 V
Physical Examination
# s/ ` i: b% w6 T9 V H( t9 M; zThe physical examination revealed a very active,
( U. p2 d0 X# h: F w2 Eplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented. z# {# `5 a' @
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
: ]& t \2 L1 I. u, ~) H; X* `90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
8 k* D3 x% L& M3 w( @(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
9 ]. J; {" @5 Xvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
, A t5 d, N/ V p! q3 @the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
w# n) z1 n7 k, Q6 o/ AThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for( M$ B) ~0 M6 H# j: F. v B
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
/ } e; Z2 D" g2 ^6 R4 [1 J- F8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
9 |% g: v4 T3 k; V" M; M0 e9 pdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
' \; f2 C: X/ k5 E. u- Z0 l540
% L4 V' f1 t$ yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 }/ ^" H. M# Q- e# A! L# Q+ I! Ithe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The5 z& }( Z8 G8 b6 g. @1 C
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
4 u( r! w$ o, a7 L7 z0 pThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat, v; I3 c8 [+ N3 t5 g, b; y' j
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no) `; q! F/ f9 c8 g$ [* M
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
; r w- x6 b, r* w4 I. KNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
! X7 W; E1 N. x u. X4 fbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
% a8 a! p# ]) p9 @of papilledema. r% r3 F$ w W$ C9 d* O
Laboratory Evaluation
6 J6 b( ?* X3 @$ v& `The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
4 U- d" c! \7 R) @* V. cusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-3 d7 K# W/ Q* c
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal0 i+ d6 m: ?9 {6 {9 `& y I. s" \
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test# Q) z; {0 K7 g
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-, Q G( H- Y/ `8 L
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).: j, Y: t" E6 p+ G- j
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood g. x3 t3 W# P
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
6 J( m! ?: k! Lwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
7 g) Y m! i; b2 ?3 \' z# ?' y7 G5 rof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL t s4 P3 `8 h# G5 |
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 209 T. ?0 V+ T( w( J
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
( [, Z0 m9 Q6 \% ^' w, {; Dterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),9 k4 x8 v. Q7 a% `, ` y
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to: ]( A, Y9 v3 d( I
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)7 B9 @$ x8 l/ o! l" u/ z; H" [
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
$ i4 m$ j2 x# ]6 Z ptisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total9 L1 N" B+ h$ t9 P- `
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),+ l3 O- {: G: F' C+ ]
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than' F% |! Z2 Q; ]# }+ j) n$ G
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
' G, V% \& J: estimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
" s' Q4 z/ R5 R1 l% T5 `& e9 jconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
3 Q: A l' Z7 u& ](prepubertal).
8 t( D2 h Y1 Z* a9 n# z# M0 }The parents were notified about the laboratory
& @, F: [/ [( n5 W) Lresults and were informed that all of the tests were# R1 T+ o0 |6 @0 _; c9 M
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
6 Q0 Q1 U8 T3 I1 q' o: d$ {6 ufollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to' |& V! p1 `, p- `& L
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
4 V- J% Y7 ?+ j3 e- p4 Mever, the family did not return for 4 months.. e; f1 N8 y/ ^- Z1 a% N8 ?
Physical examination at this time revealed that the4 C' g0 J# O& @3 q
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
! l( h; E0 N, V3 `1 E+ c8 L9 `2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
" G0 t- [1 \ R- h4 sunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
7 E( h1 P% }! [3 c4 P6 u1 spletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at, H! E# U% N* X" S
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
5 C* o/ R0 M) A) B3 G# gmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.( ]0 q j5 E' p& z# B# Y! E7 H! V; F
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-9 O* Z1 p G4 U$ _
ing frequent erections.) J: C9 t2 Q4 U5 c: Z4 N
Both parents were again questioned about use of& \! P8 b7 B7 ^0 A& o
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
% G0 Q- s7 `" s; ~! Kthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
4 X" ]. p' F# v* [6 k7 m8 p5 L% NTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. M3 K" Z6 S1 v" N$ G/ w7 b, E
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
& v% e/ a" a; ~; \2 f$ D/ z' P0 ding over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for. z% D/ t d: x
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed9 {4 F* R5 H! G2 F6 z& Y6 `
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-" J0 K1 y2 W9 d |
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
5 `3 ^2 p" }9 ~! J+ G0 K' I3 Y* ~secondary to depression.
, { d- k* b9 f4 A2 WThe child slept in the same bed with parents.6 Q6 @* L! n. }% b/ z, \
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
$ q, Z$ H# z' I, u, a' l4 tchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-8 s& N% v. j) x! G: e5 x! s
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.1 R0 Z1 r3 s% ~; a7 g5 l
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
& Q# t' B7 O6 W, Gwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
8 ?, g3 p0 O. n1 f0 Z& l ]$ s' Wwas high, he then read the product information! ?2 @3 k" p, Z3 U6 `) q
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-/ ]9 _% [$ a. H; W4 b6 K
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
1 j% s& P; H6 V% M6 T# z, \9 I xdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the5 o2 w$ d' H* U8 U, Z
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
' o: {5 n- ?& b. S- ubeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone% E, `3 r- b; t! T
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
2 \% c& }9 ^# u. k. E2 ]laboratory to obtain the test.- r% r0 o' m; e6 S3 u5 v
Discussion
, u/ ~$ ~1 F& M3 c" U# P) z. L# a4 cPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
! Q! v3 E4 T( c; c7 C |8 Ysexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
+ P \4 S" C- Q& n) {Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
) i; N1 a2 K& D. mit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
/ x5 |3 O1 y5 Z" B$ l5 n) vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
! T, T; |6 c! P }0 Fmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
7 N0 f; T6 b3 O. ]may have a central nervous system lesion that is
* V: { C' e5 d+ p$ Cresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-. t Q# t% `5 V% O& Y
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
- _( d6 h! i4 y+ Bsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in/ Q. U2 U! x1 R3 D* v
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
+ C! t$ k! d' ~1 A# lization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-1 v* h/ _( x2 N0 d! J8 t S
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by6 H% ~* n2 v. O' Y( Z* a/ |. @
gonadotropins.1,3
* r8 B: s/ w+ H8 y& iGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
+ w0 s8 F& }3 p/ m( B0 Ecious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
' u. V& o7 v/ R" Wandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or n1 k( N5 k; u1 d. c3 q
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-2 o1 J8 {. M" a, U4 \5 U
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
( z5 h% @7 }% A, W( Wcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive6 n4 z6 ~8 M5 Y
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
9 U4 L1 M! k2 S0 V) g3 w bpuberty in boys.3,4
0 Q5 P6 [% ]6 }8 u& ?2 F/ l1 GThe most common form of congenital adrenal+ Z( S, a' y$ _& Q) d
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
; Z4 ^$ H& p- R0 y% @4 e+ j0 iThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in9 c, u+ j7 M$ t- t9 O
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( L) K4 h9 y' i. |3 r
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen3 t0 V4 ~0 X" T) f( L
excess.1,3# e; U- k4 G2 S) {! [
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from' `) o/ \: n2 U
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
$ C% K/ S+ i9 O7 R5 cA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
( i& x. h2 [! Sindependent precocious puberty, which is also known! K3 c5 o$ ^. l! R4 K
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
! t: P3 H9 Q9 d# kvery young age. The physical findings in these boys' G4 n* |1 |, K$ r
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
2 i4 _3 U; n! `' Zincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys+ L$ |- v* Z) L" c F- j h- j1 |* v
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder& t! x3 }4 A+ `4 K7 c0 z. ^
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
# v$ {8 f& u6 L* L. C2 gpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
4 v8 f+ J( p! k4 `releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
9 ?2 Y) X3 k; r; C7 o$ ~autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
$ q$ g6 G6 t. _) M) amales; therefore, other male members of the family
1 t: i+ [0 X2 Y2 H" omay have similar precocious puberty.3
?6 S6 U) h# a/ TIn our patient, physical examination was incon-3 M q) j. y I( ^! ~3 x
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
+ ^+ O! W1 \6 b- Jcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis% A9 I+ Z5 c0 Z' z
was in the differential diagnosis because his father4 m" v7 A9 a( Y$ z) A9 \5 Y& p- n
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,6 i7 M$ |" H+ s
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
- @- O& r4 v$ Y6 Z5 m* @, |3 ^beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
& Q, D, w, r B: e- oative initial history of androgen exposure, our' B9 X) I* R" O( m$ @+ g9 H
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,9 m) a$ T% a; ~# _
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase$ X C- V) T$ r/ G
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-5 @/ M, [* h: Q! Z5 ]; j
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.. g3 X# J5 }# I3 b$ s
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly6 o! p3 C6 R# K3 k# S6 |
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
9 h9 U) C* s& O: A7 l0 b4 \the physical examination revealed the complete disap-8 _& ?; ~# w( f$ W( |/ _
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
% l- [' {. p/ B8 Y" t( Hdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-- J9 Q5 x ?4 ~0 N7 H. M9 ?
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
: Q& R" j. S; m( c' Cusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’( M' x# i W" U4 M4 f/ Y3 J
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or7 Q' _* [0 a# s# Z
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to: m, |% Z/ l) d1 l
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
* Y9 d$ B9 h) K4 Z5 \1 JSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
7 Y" B3 o$ u. M5 N4 K7 z9 X& ~0 gbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
% K4 N% _2 e; h( R& k1 F! R, h# beven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male/ U' [+ P) s8 h4 L; c E
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-& }9 D3 N. `6 D' U0 c
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
; O/ L2 [; _& G8 _2 K7 FOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,; W! a; a9 j- P% E; S
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
; \& D5 N9 _, N& Q0 h @# e% `6 s6 Ndermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-: V, h9 h9 t, l! u
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more) u" |, _# u2 Y
active in young children exposed to testosterone
% t- _. F" G& t6 b' ~3 I; vexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
0 C4 Z; M3 N4 }7 N0 j3 n" |- [8 @drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
) g" t! O. H8 E0 Yvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
1 E9 ~9 E) w/ B% [" f' Bchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and: R5 q- d! k1 y# g( o& y8 W
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.5 C3 p4 c' ~! m$ T: L
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
* s* V" m, {/ f# vearly childhood on pubertal development and final A- f ]& T6 N8 Y0 n+ o) P1 U
adult height are not fully known and always remain
+ y1 L' n* ~2 B) f, @, q1 Ha concern. Children treated with short-term testos-0 V3 W5 H6 l& T8 J# k
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some8 j3 E/ W- x- G$ R
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after* Z% ?( s8 R; `5 O* J1 v' E
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation% t9 M/ Y+ e' t. p' U' X# J
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
. v& y; P( E5 c/ ^( XThere are conflicting reports and controversy
2 g3 M) ~! Z* ^% h1 N# r8 x1 R, t( oover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
0 Q7 T6 X9 m$ q& [1 `2 @penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal+ F1 O* W, F. s" | M8 \
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
+ M) q% O9 J$ |5 {3 `% O9 z0 Oulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: t: j/ E% L* }
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between' F4 I3 J' B7 [, g3 I
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult8 A: Y" a) p3 c4 Y4 E! z
penile length in clinical studies. ?( y" P- g! i! c8 B0 ?1 M
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
, h3 y2 I R5 fgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
/ C* T5 P. [5 A$ f2 g% h* n: |- G& gtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because3 T# A/ G5 r8 B/ c
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.! ?4 q* p0 \: `* R% j9 m
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
7 U4 ~8 i$ m! U. \diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
, g/ O: j3 M, r5 nthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult9 L4 G2 f h; H$ w
height will not be affected.5 p5 q$ G1 ~0 c% j
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-8 ^# B3 Z' K, B9 }; G1 m- r
ability of androgen products in our society may
* ~8 W8 ` t. z/ cindeed cause more virilization in male or female
X$ W9 E7 Y) D3 h) g! Vchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
# S) ^4 h1 A9 E t) X9 j- Ugen products must be considered and specific ques-
- e/ d* C& S5 q1 jtioning about the use of a testosterone product or$ \5 D* i8 x3 R9 S
gel should be asked of the family members during# t T8 U# v+ S: J' D
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
6 _' Y: x0 p: m8 @2 B' |ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag- s/ ]9 w7 m3 |( M( d8 J/ ~1 f' P, e7 p1 A
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
/ [7 h, k/ l: q; f/ w% T2 aappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
. ?; b% P* s" y2 q5 }" _; {history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
# s) l, z9 k( F( |( T! a4 fresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
% f$ O; V5 k, B4 kinvestigation. The primary care physician should be* E K$ R( h; t( ?) L8 o1 z8 B: i
aware of this fact, because most of these children$ O: z1 h0 C1 R z
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’, F$ L. _3 \# T# U9 u$ I
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
' c0 z* Q ]7 U' }/ k/ C9 ?' W nwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or4 J# A+ x9 K, H5 z3 D/ {1 o
female child who might come in contact with some-2 q2 L9 j; B% T9 M1 c7 M% B9 N
one using any of these products.
/ V; c3 E, V) K# u$ i! y! OReferences- A7 W. v" Z; [% z& B( l8 N
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
9 P0 g D. h' G1 I8 ~- Oand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
2 L. c9 ], c2 B. p3 O0 FEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;1 W; u* V- r, F" P& T r
2002: 565-628.3 A8 X1 s1 e7 U. N6 X
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious4 K [' J8 u0 E9 i! _5 q* \% z
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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